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ASTM A231 Spring Steel vs. ASTM A182 Grade F12 Class 2

Both ASTM A231 spring steel and ASTM A182 grade F12 class 2 are iron alloys. Their average alloy composition is basically identical. There are 31 material properties with values for both materials. Properties with values for just one material (2, in this case) are not shown.

For each property being compared, the top bar is ASTM A231 spring steel and the bottom bar is ASTM A182 grade F12 class 2.

Metric UnitsUS Customary Units

Mechanical Properties

Brinell Hardness 540
180
Elastic (Young's, Tensile) Modulus, GPa 190
190
Elongation at Break, % 14
22
Fatigue Strength, MPa 1000
220
Poisson's Ratio 0.29
0.29
Reduction in Area, % 46
34
Shear Modulus, GPa 73
73
Shear Strength, MPa 1080
340
Tensile Strength: Ultimate (UTS), MPa 1790
540
Tensile Strength: Yield (Proof), MPa 1570
310

Thermal Properties

Latent Heat of Fusion, J/g 250
250
Maximum Temperature: Mechanical, °C 420
430
Melting Completion (Liquidus), °C 1460
1460
Melting Onset (Solidus), °C 1410
1420
Specific Heat Capacity, J/kg-K 470
470
Thermal Conductivity, W/m-K 52
43
Thermal Expansion, µm/m-K 13
13

Electrical Properties

Electrical Conductivity: Equal Volume, % IACS 7.3
7.3
Electrical Conductivity: Equal Weight (Specific), % IACS 8.4
8.4

Otherwise Unclassified Properties

Base Metal Price, % relative 2.3
2.8
Density, g/cm3 7.8
7.8
Embodied Carbon, kg CO2/kg material 2.0
1.6
Embodied Energy, MJ/kg 28
21
Embodied Water, L/kg 51
52

Common Calculations

Resilience: Ultimate (Unit Rupture Work), MJ/m3 230
100
Stiffness to Weight: Axial, points 13
13
Stiffness to Weight: Bending, points 24
24
Strength to Weight: Axial, points 64
19
Strength to Weight: Bending, points 42
19
Thermal Diffusivity, mm2/s 14
12
Thermal Shock Resistance, points 53
16

Alloy Composition

Carbon (C), % 0.48 to 0.53
0.1 to 0.2
Chromium (Cr), % 0.8 to 1.1
0.8 to 1.3
Iron (Fe), % 96.7 to 97.7
96.4 to 98.3
Manganese (Mn), % 0.7 to 0.9
0.3 to 0.8
Molybdenum (Mo), % 0
0.44 to 0.65
Phosphorus (P), % 0 to 0.040
0 to 0.040
Silicon (Si), % 0.15 to 0.35
0.1 to 0.6
Sulfur (S), % 0 to 0.040
0 to 0.040
Vanadium (V), % 0.15 to 0.3
0