ASTM A231 Spring Steel vs. ASTM A232 Spring Steel
Both ASTM A231 spring steel and ASTM A232 spring steel are iron alloys. Both are furnished in the quenched and tempered condition. Their average alloy composition is basically identical.
For each property being compared, the top bar is ASTM A231 spring steel and the bottom bar is ASTM A232 spring steel.
Metric UnitsUS Customary Units
Mechanical Properties
| Brinell Hardness | 540 | |
| 540 |
| Elastic (Young's, Tensile) Modulus, GPa | 190 | |
| 190 |
| Elongation at Break, % | 14 | |
| 14 |
| Fatigue Strength, MPa | 1000 | |
| 1040 |
| Poisson's Ratio | 0.29 | |
| 0.29 |
| Reduction in Area, % | 46 | |
| 46 |
| Shear Modulus, GPa | 73 | |
| 73 |
| Shear Strength, MPa | 1080 | |
| 1090 |
| Tensile Strength: Ultimate (UTS), MPa | 1790 | |
| 1790 |
| Tensile Strength: Yield (Proof), MPa | 1570 | |
| 1610 |
Thermal Properties
| Latent Heat of Fusion, J/g | 250 | |
| 250 |
| Maximum Temperature: Mechanical, °C | 420 | |
| 420 |
| Melting Completion (Liquidus), °C | 1460 | |
| 1460 |
| Melting Onset (Solidus), °C | 1410 | |
| 1410 |
| Specific Heat Capacity, J/kg-K | 470 | |
| 470 |
| Thermal Conductivity, W/m-K | 52 | |
| 52 |
| Thermal Expansion, µm/m-K | 13 | |
| 13 |
Electrical Properties
| Electrical Conductivity: Equal Volume, % IACS | 7.3 | |
| 7.3 |
| Electrical Conductivity: Equal Weight (Specific), % IACS | 8.4 | |
| 8.4 |
Otherwise Unclassified Properties
| Base Metal Price, % relative | 2.3 | |
| 2.3 |
| Density, g/cm3 | 7.8 | |
| 7.8 |
| Embodied Carbon, kg CO2/kg material | 2.0 | |
| 2.0 |
| Embodied Energy, MJ/kg | 28 | |
| 28 |
| Embodied Water, L/kg | 51 | |
| 51 |
Common Calculations
| Resilience: Ultimate (Unit Rupture Work), MJ/m3 | 230 | |
| 250 |
| Stiffness to Weight: Axial, points | 13 | |
| 13 |
| Stiffness to Weight: Bending, points | 24 | |
| 24 |
| Strength to Weight: Axial, points | 64 | |
| 64 |
| Strength to Weight: Bending, points | 42 | |
| 42 |
| Thermal Diffusivity, mm2/s | 14 | |
| 14 |
| Thermal Shock Resistance, points | 53 | |
| 53 |
Alloy Composition
| Carbon (C), % | 0.48 to 0.53 | |
| 0.48 to 0.53 |
| Chromium (Cr), % | 0.8 to 1.1 | |
| 0.8 to 1.1 |
| Iron (Fe), % | 96.7 to 97.7 | |
| 96.8 to 97.7 |
| Manganese (Mn), % | 0.7 to 0.9 | |
| 0.7 to 0.9 |
| Phosphorus (P), % | 0 to 0.040 | |
| 0 to 0.020 |
| Silicon (Si), % | 0.15 to 0.35 | |
| 0.15 to 0.35 |
| Sulfur (S), % | 0 to 0.040 | |
| 0 to 0.035 |
| Vanadium (V), % | 0.15 to 0.3 | |
| 0.15 to 0.3 |