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ASTM A231 Spring Steel vs. AWS ERTi-12

ASTM A231 spring steel belongs to the iron alloys classification, while AWS ERTi-12 belongs to the titanium alloys. There are 28 material properties with values for both materials. Properties with values for just one material (4, in this case) are not shown.

For each property being compared, the top bar is ASTM A231 spring steel and the bottom bar is AWS ERTi-12.

Metric UnitsUS Customary Units

Mechanical Properties

Elastic (Young's, Tensile) Modulus, GPa 190
110
Elongation at Break, % 14
12
Fatigue Strength, MPa 1000
200
Poisson's Ratio 0.29
0.32
Shear Modulus, GPa 73
41
Tensile Strength: Ultimate (UTS), MPa 1790
480
Tensile Strength: Yield (Proof), MPa 1570
340

Thermal Properties

Latent Heat of Fusion, J/g 250
420
Maximum Temperature: Mechanical, °C 420
320
Melting Completion (Liquidus), °C 1460
1670
Melting Onset (Solidus), °C 1410
1620
Specific Heat Capacity, J/kg-K 470
540
Thermal Conductivity, W/m-K 52
21
Thermal Expansion, µm/m-K 13
8.7

Electrical Properties

Electrical Conductivity: Equal Volume, % IACS 7.3
3.6
Electrical Conductivity: Equal Weight (Specific), % IACS 8.4
7.1

Otherwise Unclassified Properties

Base Metal Price, % relative 2.3
37
Density, g/cm3 7.8
4.5
Embodied Carbon, kg CO2/kg material 2.0
31
Embodied Energy, MJ/kg 28
510
Embodied Water, L/kg 51
110

Common Calculations

Resilience: Ultimate (Unit Rupture Work), MJ/m3 230
52
Stiffness to Weight: Axial, points 13
13
Stiffness to Weight: Bending, points 24
35
Strength to Weight: Axial, points 64
30
Strength to Weight: Bending, points 42
30
Thermal Diffusivity, mm2/s 14
8.7
Thermal Shock Resistance, points 53
37

Alloy Composition

Carbon (C), % 0.48 to 0.53
0 to 0.030
Chromium (Cr), % 0.8 to 1.1
0
Hydrogen (H), % 0
0 to 0.0080
Iron (Fe), % 96.7 to 97.7
0 to 0.15
Manganese (Mn), % 0.7 to 0.9
0
Molybdenum (Mo), % 0
0.2 to 0.4
Nickel (Ni), % 0
0.060 to 0.090
Nitrogen (N), % 0
0 to 0.015
Oxygen (O), % 0
0.080 to 0.16
Phosphorus (P), % 0 to 0.040
0
Silicon (Si), % 0.15 to 0.35
0
Sulfur (S), % 0 to 0.040
0
Titanium (Ti), % 0
99.147 to 99.66
Vanadium (V), % 0.15 to 0.3
0