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ASTM A231 Spring Steel vs. SAE-AISI 4028 Steel

Both ASTM A231 spring steel and SAE-AISI 4028 steel are iron alloys. They have a very high 99% of their average alloy composition in common. There are 30 material properties with values for both materials. Properties with values for just one material (2, in this case) are not shown.

For each property being compared, the top bar is ASTM A231 spring steel and the bottom bar is SAE-AISI 4028 steel.

Metric UnitsUS Customary Units

Mechanical Properties

Brinell Hardness 540
150 to 190
Elastic (Young's, Tensile) Modulus, GPa 190
190
Elongation at Break, % 14
14 to 23
Fatigue Strength, MPa 1000
180 to 330
Poisson's Ratio 0.29
0.29
Shear Modulus, GPa 73
73
Shear Strength, MPa 1080
310 to 380
Tensile Strength: Ultimate (UTS), MPa 1790
490 to 630
Tensile Strength: Yield (Proof), MPa 1570
260 to 520

Thermal Properties

Latent Heat of Fusion, J/g 250
250
Maximum Temperature: Mechanical, °C 420
400
Melting Completion (Liquidus), °C 1460
1460
Melting Onset (Solidus), °C 1410
1420
Specific Heat Capacity, J/kg-K 470
470
Thermal Conductivity, W/m-K 52
49
Thermal Expansion, µm/m-K 13
12

Electrical Properties

Electrical Conductivity: Equal Volume, % IACS 7.3
7.1
Electrical Conductivity: Equal Weight (Specific), % IACS 8.4
8.1

Otherwise Unclassified Properties

Base Metal Price, % relative 2.3
2.1
Density, g/cm3 7.8
7.8
Embodied Carbon, kg CO2/kg material 2.0
1.5
Embodied Energy, MJ/kg 28
19
Embodied Water, L/kg 51
47

Common Calculations

Resilience: Ultimate (Unit Rupture Work), MJ/m3 230
81 to 95
Stiffness to Weight: Axial, points 13
13
Stiffness to Weight: Bending, points 24
24
Strength to Weight: Axial, points 64
17 to 22
Strength to Weight: Bending, points 42
18 to 21
Thermal Diffusivity, mm2/s 14
13
Thermal Shock Resistance, points 53
16 to 20

Alloy Composition

Carbon (C), % 0.48 to 0.53
0.25 to 0.3
Chromium (Cr), % 0.8 to 1.1
0
Iron (Fe), % 96.7 to 97.7
98.1 to 98.7
Manganese (Mn), % 0.7 to 0.9
0.7 to 0.9
Molybdenum (Mo), % 0
0.2 to 0.3
Phosphorus (P), % 0 to 0.040
0 to 0.035
Silicon (Si), % 0.15 to 0.35
0.15 to 0.35
Sulfur (S), % 0 to 0.040
0.035 to 0.050
Vanadium (V), % 0.15 to 0.3
0