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ASTM A231 Spring Steel vs. SAE-AISI D4 Steel

Both ASTM A231 spring steel and SAE-AISI D4 steel are iron alloys. They have 86% of their average alloy composition in common. There are 28 material properties with values for both materials. Properties with values for just one material (4, in this case) are not shown.

For each property being compared, the top bar is ASTM A231 spring steel and the bottom bar is SAE-AISI D4 steel.

Metric UnitsUS Customary Units

Mechanical Properties

Elastic (Young's, Tensile) Modulus, GPa 190
190
Elongation at Break, % 14
8.4 to 15
Fatigue Strength, MPa 1000
310 to 920
Poisson's Ratio 0.29
0.28
Shear Modulus, GPa 73
74
Shear Strength, MPa 1080
460 to 1210
Tensile Strength: Ultimate (UTS), MPa 1790
760 to 2060
Tensile Strength: Yield (Proof), MPa 1570
470 to 1540

Thermal Properties

Latent Heat of Fusion, J/g 250
270
Melting Completion (Liquidus), °C 1460
1430
Melting Onset (Solidus), °C 1410
1380
Specific Heat Capacity, J/kg-K 470
480
Thermal Conductivity, W/m-K 52
31
Thermal Expansion, µm/m-K 13
12

Electrical Properties

Electrical Conductivity: Equal Volume, % IACS 7.3
4.2
Electrical Conductivity: Equal Weight (Specific), % IACS 8.4
5.0

Otherwise Unclassified Properties

Base Metal Price, % relative 2.3
8.0
Density, g/cm3 7.8
7.7
Embodied Carbon, kg CO2/kg material 2.0
3.3
Embodied Energy, MJ/kg 28
49
Embodied Water, L/kg 51
100

Common Calculations

Resilience: Ultimate (Unit Rupture Work), MJ/m3 230
100 to 160
Stiffness to Weight: Axial, points 13
14
Stiffness to Weight: Bending, points 24
25
Strength to Weight: Axial, points 64
27 to 75
Strength to Weight: Bending, points 42
24 to 47
Thermal Diffusivity, mm2/s 14
8.3
Thermal Shock Resistance, points 53
23 to 63

Alloy Composition

Carbon (C), % 0.48 to 0.53
2.1 to 2.4
Chromium (Cr), % 0.8 to 1.1
11 to 13
Copper (Cu), % 0
0 to 0.25
Iron (Fe), % 96.7 to 97.7
80.6 to 86.3
Manganese (Mn), % 0.7 to 0.9
0 to 0.6
Molybdenum (Mo), % 0
0.7 to 1.2
Nickel (Ni), % 0
0 to 0.3
Phosphorus (P), % 0 to 0.040
0 to 0.030
Silicon (Si), % 0.15 to 0.35
0 to 0.6
Sulfur (S), % 0 to 0.040
0 to 0.030
Vanadium (V), % 0.15 to 0.3
0 to 1.0