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ASTM A321 Carbon Steel vs. ASTM A232 Spring Steel

Both ASTM A321 carbon steel and ASTM A232 spring steel are iron alloys. Both are furnished in the quenched and tempered condition. They have a very high 99% of their average alloy composition in common. There are 31 material properties with values for both materials. Properties with values for just one material (1, in this case) are not shown.

For each property being compared, the top bar is ASTM A321 carbon steel and the bottom bar is ASTM A232 spring steel.

Metric UnitsUS Customary Units

Mechanical Properties

Brinell Hardness 190
540
Elastic (Young's, Tensile) Modulus, GPa 190
190
Elongation at Break, % 21
14
Fatigue Strength, MPa 270
1040
Poisson's Ratio 0.29
0.29
Reduction in Area, % 39
46
Shear Modulus, GPa 73
73
Shear Strength, MPa 420
1090
Tensile Strength: Ultimate (UTS), MPa 670
1790
Tensile Strength: Yield (Proof), MPa 390
1610

Thermal Properties

Latent Heat of Fusion, J/g 250
250
Maximum Temperature: Mechanical, °C 400
420
Melting Completion (Liquidus), °C 1460
1460
Melting Onset (Solidus), °C 1420
1410
Specific Heat Capacity, J/kg-K 470
470
Thermal Conductivity, W/m-K 51
52
Thermal Expansion, µm/m-K 12
13

Electrical Properties

Electrical Conductivity: Equal Volume, % IACS 7.1
7.3
Electrical Conductivity: Equal Weight (Specific), % IACS 8.1
8.4

Otherwise Unclassified Properties

Base Metal Price, % relative 1.8
2.3
Density, g/cm3 7.8
7.8
Embodied Carbon, kg CO2/kg material 1.4
2.0
Embodied Energy, MJ/kg 18
28
Embodied Water, L/kg 46
51

Common Calculations

Resilience: Ultimate (Unit Rupture Work), MJ/m3 120
250
Stiffness to Weight: Axial, points 13
13
Stiffness to Weight: Bending, points 24
24
Strength to Weight: Axial, points 24
64
Strength to Weight: Bending, points 22
42
Thermal Diffusivity, mm2/s 14
14
Thermal Shock Resistance, points 21
53

Alloy Composition

Carbon (C), % 0 to 0.55
0.48 to 0.53
Chromium (Cr), % 0
0.8 to 1.1
Iron (Fe), % 98.1 to 99.25
96.8 to 97.7
Manganese (Mn), % 0.6 to 0.9
0.7 to 0.9
Phosphorus (P), % 0 to 0.040
0 to 0.020
Silicon (Si), % 0.15 to 0.35
0.15 to 0.35
Sulfur (S), % 0 to 0.050
0 to 0.035
Vanadium (V), % 0
0.15 to 0.3