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ASTM A387 Grade 21 Steel vs. ASTM A231 Spring Steel

Both ASTM A387 grade 21 steel and ASTM A231 spring steel are iron alloys. They have a very high 97% of their average alloy composition in common. There are 30 material properties with values for both materials. Properties with values for just one material (3, in this case) are not shown.

For each property being compared, the top bar is ASTM A387 grade 21 steel and the bottom bar is ASTM A231 spring steel.

Metric UnitsUS Customary Units

Mechanical Properties

Brinell Hardness 150 to 180
540
Elastic (Young's, Tensile) Modulus, GPa 190
190
Elongation at Break, % 21
14
Fatigue Strength, MPa 160 to 250
1000
Poisson's Ratio 0.29
0.29
Shear Modulus, GPa 74
73
Shear Strength, MPa 310 to 370
1080
Tensile Strength: Ultimate (UTS), MPa 500 to 590
1790
Tensile Strength: Yield (Proof), MPa 230 to 350
1570

Thermal Properties

Latent Heat of Fusion, J/g 260
250
Maximum Temperature: Mechanical, °C 480
420
Melting Completion (Liquidus), °C 1470
1460
Melting Onset (Solidus), °C 1430
1410
Specific Heat Capacity, J/kg-K 470
470
Thermal Conductivity, W/m-K 41
52
Thermal Expansion, µm/m-K 13
13

Electrical Properties

Electrical Conductivity: Equal Volume, % IACS 7.6
7.3
Electrical Conductivity: Equal Weight (Specific), % IACS 8.8
8.4

Otherwise Unclassified Properties

Base Metal Price, % relative 4.1
2.3
Density, g/cm3 7.9
7.8
Embodied Carbon, kg CO2/kg material 1.8
2.0
Embodied Energy, MJ/kg 23
28
Embodied Water, L/kg 62
51

Common Calculations

Resilience: Ultimate (Unit Rupture Work), MJ/m3 84 to 110
230
Stiffness to Weight: Axial, points 13
13
Stiffness to Weight: Bending, points 24
24
Strength to Weight: Axial, points 18 to 21
64
Strength to Weight: Bending, points 18 to 20
42
Thermal Diffusivity, mm2/s 11
14
Thermal Shock Resistance, points 14 to 17
53

Alloy Composition

Carbon (C), % 0.050 to 0.15
0.48 to 0.53
Chromium (Cr), % 2.8 to 3.3
0.8 to 1.1
Iron (Fe), % 94.4 to 96
96.7 to 97.7
Manganese (Mn), % 0.3 to 0.6
0.7 to 0.9
Molybdenum (Mo), % 0.9 to 1.1
0
Phosphorus (P), % 0 to 0.025
0 to 0.040
Silicon (Si), % 0 to 0.5
0.15 to 0.35
Sulfur (S), % 0 to 0.025
0 to 0.040
Vanadium (V), % 0
0.15 to 0.3