Grade 16 Titanium vs. ASTM A229 Spring Steel
Grade 16 titanium belongs to the titanium alloys classification, while ASTM A229 spring steel belongs to the iron alloys. There are 29 material properties with values for both materials. Properties with values for just one material (3, in this case) are not shown.
For each property being compared, the top bar is grade 16 titanium and the bottom bar is ASTM A229 spring steel.
Metric UnitsUS Customary Units
Mechanical Properties
| Elastic (Young's, Tensile) Modulus, GPa | 110 | |
| 190 |
| Elongation at Break, % | 23 | |
| 14 |
| Fatigue Strength, MPa | 240 | |
| 710 to 790 |
| Poisson's Ratio | 0.32 | |
| 0.29 |
| Shear Modulus, GPa | 38 | |
| 72 |
| Shear Strength, MPa | 250 | |
| 1020 to 1140 |
| Tensile Strength: Ultimate (UTS), MPa | 400 | |
| 1690 to 1890 |
| Tensile Strength: Yield (Proof), MPa | 340 | |
| 1100 to 1230 |
Thermal Properties
| Latent Heat of Fusion, J/g | 420 | |
| 250 |
| Maximum Temperature: Mechanical, °C | 320 | |
| 400 |
| Melting Completion (Liquidus), °C | 1660 | |
| 1450 |
| Melting Onset (Solidus), °C | 1610 | |
| 1410 |
| Specific Heat Capacity, J/kg-K | 540 | |
| 470 |
| Thermal Conductivity, W/m-K | 22 | |
| 50 |
| Thermal Expansion, µm/m-K | 9.2 | |
| 12 |
Electrical Properties
| Electrical Conductivity: Equal Volume, % IACS | 3.6 | |
| 7.2 |
| Electrical Conductivity: Equal Weight (Specific), % IACS | 7.2 | |
| 8.3 |
Otherwise Unclassified Properties
| Density, g/cm3 | 4.5 | |
| 7.8 |
| Embodied Carbon, kg CO2/kg material | 36 | |
| 1.4 |
| Embodied Energy, MJ/kg | 600 | |
| 19 |
| Embodied Water, L/kg | 230 | |
| 46 |
Common Calculations
| Resilience: Ultimate (Unit Rupture Work), MJ/m3 | 86 | |
| 200 to 230 |
| Resilience: Unit (Modulus of Resilience), kJ/m3 | 550 | |
| 3260 to 4080 |
| Stiffness to Weight: Axial, points | 13 | |
| 13 |
| Stiffness to Weight: Bending, points | 35 | |
| 24 |
| Strength to Weight: Axial, points | 25 | |
| 60 to 67 |
| Strength to Weight: Bending, points | 27 | |
| 40 to 43 |
| Thermal Diffusivity, mm2/s | 8.9 | |
| 14 |
| Thermal Shock Resistance, points | 29 | |
| 54 to 60 |
Alloy Composition
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| Carbon (C), % | 0 to 0.080 | |
| 0.55 to 0.85 |
| Hydrogen (H), % | 0 to 0.015 | |
| 0 |
| Iron (Fe), % | 0 to 0.3 | |
| 97.5 to 99 |
| Manganese (Mn), % | 0 | |
| 0.3 to 1.2 |
| Nitrogen (N), % | 0 to 0.030 | |
| 0 |
| Oxygen (O), % | 0 to 0.25 | |
| 0 |
| Palladium (Pd), % | 0.040 to 0.080 | |
| 0 |
| Phosphorus (P), % | 0 | |
| 0 to 0.040 |
| Silicon (Si), % | 0 | |
| 0.15 to 0.35 |
| Sulfur (S), % | 0 | |
| 0 to 0.050 |
| Titanium (Ti), % | 98.8 to 99.96 | |
| 0 |
| Residuals, % | 0 to 0.4 | |
| 0 |