Grade 20 Titanium vs. ASTM A231 Spring Steel
Grade 20 titanium belongs to the titanium alloys classification, while ASTM A231 spring steel belongs to the iron alloys. There are 25 material properties with values for both materials. Properties with values for just one material (7, in this case) are not shown.
For each property being compared, the top bar is grade 20 titanium and the bottom bar is ASTM A231 spring steel.
Metric UnitsUS Customary Units
Mechanical Properties
| Elastic (Young's, Tensile) Modulus, GPa | 120 | |
| 190 |
| Elongation at Break, % | 5.7 to 17 | |
| 14 |
| Fatigue Strength, MPa | 550 to 630 | |
| 1000 |
| Poisson's Ratio | 0.32 | |
| 0.29 |
| Reduction in Area, % | 23 | |
| 46 |
| Shear Modulus, GPa | 47 | |
| 73 |
| Shear Strength, MPa | 560 to 740 | |
| 1080 |
| Tensile Strength: Ultimate (UTS), MPa | 900 to 1270 | |
| 1790 |
| Tensile Strength: Yield (Proof), MPa | 850 to 1190 | |
| 1570 |
Thermal Properties
| Latent Heat of Fusion, J/g | 400 | |
| 250 |
| Maximum Temperature: Mechanical, °C | 370 | |
| 420 |
| Melting Completion (Liquidus), °C | 1660 | |
| 1460 |
| Melting Onset (Solidus), °C | 1600 | |
| 1410 |
| Specific Heat Capacity, J/kg-K | 520 | |
| 470 |
| Thermal Expansion, µm/m-K | 9.6 | |
| 13 |
Otherwise Unclassified Properties
| Density, g/cm3 | 5.0 | |
| 7.8 |
| Embodied Carbon, kg CO2/kg material | 52 | |
| 2.0 |
| Embodied Energy, MJ/kg | 860 | |
| 28 |
| Embodied Water, L/kg | 350 | |
| 51 |
Common Calculations
| Resilience: Ultimate (Unit Rupture Work), MJ/m3 | 71 to 150 | |
| 230 |
| Stiffness to Weight: Axial, points | 14 | |
| 13 |
| Stiffness to Weight: Bending, points | 33 | |
| 24 |
| Strength to Weight: Axial, points | 50 to 70 | |
| 64 |
| Strength to Weight: Bending, points | 41 to 52 | |
| 42 |
| Thermal Shock Resistance, points | 55 to 77 | |
| 53 |
Alloy Composition
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| Aluminum (Al), % | 3.0 to 4.0 | |
| 0 |
| Carbon (C), % | 0 to 0.050 | |
| 0.48 to 0.53 |
| Chromium (Cr), % | 5.5 to 6.5 | |
| 0.8 to 1.1 |
| Hydrogen (H), % | 0 to 0.020 | |
| 0 |
| Iron (Fe), % | 0 to 0.3 | |
| 96.7 to 97.7 |
| Manganese (Mn), % | 0 | |
| 0.7 to 0.9 |
| Molybdenum (Mo), % | 3.5 to 4.5 | |
| 0 |
| Nitrogen (N), % | 0 to 0.030 | |
| 0 |
| Oxygen (O), % | 0 to 0.12 | |
| 0 |
| Palladium (Pd), % | 0.040 to 0.080 | |
| 0 |
| Phosphorus (P), % | 0 | |
| 0 to 0.040 |
| Silicon (Si), % | 0 | |
| 0.15 to 0.35 |
| Sulfur (S), % | 0 | |
| 0 to 0.040 |
| Titanium (Ti), % | 71 to 77 | |
| 0 |
| Vanadium (V), % | 7.5 to 8.5 | |
| 0.15 to 0.3 |
| Zirconium (Zr), % | 3.5 to 4.5 | |
| 0 |
| Residuals, % | 0 to 0.4 | |
| 0 |