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Grade 21 Titanium vs. ASTM A232 Spring Steel

Grade 21 titanium belongs to the titanium alloys classification, while ASTM A232 spring steel belongs to the iron alloys. There are 28 material properties with values for both materials. Properties with values for just one material (4, in this case) are not shown.

For each property being compared, the top bar is grade 21 titanium and the bottom bar is ASTM A232 spring steel.

Metric UnitsUS Customary Units

Mechanical Properties

Elastic (Young's, Tensile) Modulus, GPa 140
190
Elongation at Break, % 9.0 to 17
14
Fatigue Strength, MPa 550 to 660
1040
Poisson's Ratio 0.32
0.29
Reduction in Area, % 22
46
Shear Modulus, GPa 51
73
Shear Strength, MPa 550 to 790
1090
Tensile Strength: Ultimate (UTS), MPa 890 to 1340
1790
Tensile Strength: Yield (Proof), MPa 870 to 1170
1610

Thermal Properties

Latent Heat of Fusion, J/g 410
250
Maximum Temperature: Mechanical, °C 310
420
Melting Completion (Liquidus), °C 1740
1460
Melting Onset (Solidus), °C 1690
1410
Specific Heat Capacity, J/kg-K 500
470
Thermal Conductivity, W/m-K 7.5
52
Thermal Expansion, µm/m-K 7.1
13

Otherwise Unclassified Properties

Base Metal Price, % relative 60
2.3
Density, g/cm3 5.4
7.8
Embodied Carbon, kg CO2/kg material 32
2.0
Embodied Energy, MJ/kg 490
28
Embodied Water, L/kg 180
51

Common Calculations

Resilience: Ultimate (Unit Rupture Work), MJ/m3 110 to 180
250
Stiffness to Weight: Axial, points 14
13
Stiffness to Weight: Bending, points 32
24
Strength to Weight: Axial, points 46 to 69
64
Strength to Weight: Bending, points 38 to 50
42
Thermal Diffusivity, mm2/s 2.8
14
Thermal Shock Resistance, points 66 to 100
53

Alloy Composition

Aluminum (Al), % 2.5 to 3.5
0
Carbon (C), % 0 to 0.050
0.48 to 0.53
Chromium (Cr), % 0
0.8 to 1.1
Hydrogen (H), % 0 to 0.015
0
Iron (Fe), % 0 to 0.4
96.8 to 97.7
Manganese (Mn), % 0
0.7 to 0.9
Molybdenum (Mo), % 14 to 16
0
Niobium (Nb), % 2.2 to 3.2
0
Nitrogen (N), % 0 to 0.030
0
Oxygen (O), % 0 to 0.17
0
Phosphorus (P), % 0
0 to 0.020
Silicon (Si), % 0.15 to 0.25
0.15 to 0.35
Sulfur (S), % 0
0 to 0.035
Titanium (Ti), % 76 to 81.2
0
Vanadium (V), % 0
0.15 to 0.3
Residuals, % 0 to 0.4
0