Grade 9 Titanium vs. Grade 28 Titanium
Both grade 9 titanium and grade 28 titanium are titanium alloys. Their average alloy composition is basically identical.
For each property being compared, the top bar is grade 9 titanium and the bottom bar is grade 28 titanium.
Metric UnitsUS Customary Units
Mechanical Properties
| Elastic (Young's, Tensile) Modulus, GPa | 110 | |
| 110 |
| Elongation at Break, % | 11 to 17 | |
| 11 to 17 |
| Fatigue Strength, MPa | 330 to 480 | |
| 330 to 480 |
| Poisson's Ratio | 0.32 | |
| 0.32 |
| Reduction in Area, % | 28 | |
| 22 |
| Shear Modulus, GPa | 40 | |
| 40 |
| Shear Strength, MPa | 430 to 580 | |
| 420 to 590 |
| Tensile Strength: Ultimate (UTS), MPa | 700 to 960 | |
| 690 to 980 |
| Tensile Strength: Yield (Proof), MPa | 540 to 830 | |
| 540 to 810 |
Thermal Properties
| Latent Heat of Fusion, J/g | 410 | |
| 410 |
| Maximum Temperature: Mechanical, °C | 330 | |
| 330 |
| Melting Completion (Liquidus), °C | 1640 | |
| 1640 |
| Melting Onset (Solidus), °C | 1590 | |
| 1590 |
| Specific Heat Capacity, J/kg-K | 550 | |
| 550 |
| Thermal Conductivity, W/m-K | 8.1 | |
| 8.3 |
| Thermal Expansion, µm/m-K | 9.1 | |
| 9.9 |
Electrical Properties
| Electrical Conductivity: Equal Volume, % IACS | 1.4 | |
| 1.3 |
| Electrical Conductivity: Equal Weight (Specific), % IACS | 2.7 | |
| 2.7 |
Otherwise Unclassified Properties
| Base Metal Price, % relative | 37 | |
| 36 |
| Density, g/cm3 | 4.5 | |
| 4.5 |
| Embodied Carbon, kg CO2/kg material | 36 | |
| 37 |
| Embodied Energy, MJ/kg | 580 | |
| 600 |
| Embodied Water, L/kg | 150 | |
| 370 |
Common Calculations
| Resilience: Ultimate (Unit Rupture Work), MJ/m3 | 89 to 110 | |
| 87 to 110 |
| Resilience: Unit (Modulus of Resilience), kJ/m3 | 1380 to 3220 | |
| 1370 to 3100 |
| Stiffness to Weight: Axial, points | 13 | |
| 13 |
| Stiffness to Weight: Bending, points | 35 | |
| 35 |
| Strength to Weight: Axial, points | 43 to 60 | |
| 43 to 61 |
| Strength to Weight: Bending, points | 39 to 48 | |
| 39 to 49 |
| Thermal Diffusivity, mm2/s | 3.3 | |
| 3.4 |
| Thermal Shock Resistance, points | 52 to 71 | |
| 47 to 66 |
Alloy Composition
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| Aluminum (Al), % | 2.5 to 3.5 | |
| 2.5 to 3.5 |
| Carbon (C), % | 0 to 0.080 | |
| 0 to 0.080 |
| Hydrogen (H), % | 0 to 0.015 | |
| 0 to 0.015 |
| Iron (Fe), % | 0 to 0.25 | |
| 0 to 0.25 |
| Nitrogen (N), % | 0 to 0.030 | |
| 0 to 0.030 |
| Oxygen (O), % | 0 to 0.15 | |
| 0 to 0.15 |
| Ruthenium (Ru), % | 0 | |
| 0.080 to 0.14 |
| Titanium (Ti), % | 92.6 to 95.5 | |
| 92.4 to 95.4 |
| Vanadium (V), % | 2.0 to 3.0 | |
| 2.0 to 3.0 |
| Residuals, % | 0 to 0.4 | |
| 0 to 0.4 |