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SAE-AISI 1012 Steel vs. ASTM A321 Carbon Steel

Both SAE-AISI 1012 steel and ASTM A321 carbon steel are iron alloys. Their average alloy composition is basically identical.

For each property being compared, the top bar is SAE-AISI 1012 steel and the bottom bar is ASTM A321 carbon steel.

Metric UnitsUS Customary Units

Mechanical Properties

Brinell Hardness 100 to 110
190
Elastic (Young's, Tensile) Modulus, GPa 190
190
Elongation at Break, % 21 to 31
21
Fatigue Strength, MPa 150 to 230
270
Poisson's Ratio 0.29
0.29
Reduction in Area, % 45 to 57
39
Shear Modulus, GPa 73
73
Shear Strength, MPa 230 to 250
420
Tensile Strength: Ultimate (UTS), MPa 360 to 400
670
Tensile Strength: Yield (Proof), MPa 200 to 330
390

Thermal Properties

Latent Heat of Fusion, J/g 250
250
Maximum Temperature: Mechanical, °C 400
400
Melting Completion (Liquidus), °C 1470
1460
Melting Onset (Solidus), °C 1420
1420
Specific Heat Capacity, J/kg-K 470
470
Thermal Conductivity, W/m-K 53
51
Thermal Expansion, µm/m-K 12
12

Electrical Properties

Electrical Conductivity: Equal Volume, % IACS 6.9
7.1
Electrical Conductivity: Equal Weight (Specific), % IACS 7.9
8.1

Otherwise Unclassified Properties

Base Metal Price, % relative 1.8
1.8
Density, g/cm3 7.9
7.8
Embodied Carbon, kg CO2/kg material 1.4
1.4
Embodied Energy, MJ/kg 18
18
Embodied Water, L/kg 45
46

Common Calculations

Resilience: Ultimate (Unit Rupture Work), MJ/m3 80 to 93
120
Resilience: Unit (Modulus of Resilience), kJ/m3 110 to 300
400
Stiffness to Weight: Axial, points 13
13
Stiffness to Weight: Bending, points 24
24
Strength to Weight: Axial, points 13 to 14
24
Strength to Weight: Bending, points 14 to 15
22
Thermal Diffusivity, mm2/s 14
14
Thermal Shock Resistance, points 11 to 13
21

Alloy Composition

Carbon (C), % 0.1 to 0.15
0 to 0.55
Iron (Fe), % 99.16 to 99.6
98.1 to 99.25
Manganese (Mn), % 0.3 to 0.6
0.6 to 0.9
Phosphorus (P), % 0 to 0.040
0 to 0.040
Silicon (Si), % 0
0.15 to 0.35
Sulfur (S), % 0 to 0.050
0 to 0.050