SAE-AISI 1016 Steel vs. ASTM A321 Carbon Steel
Both SAE-AISI 1016 steel and ASTM A321 carbon steel are iron alloys. Their average alloy composition is basically identical.
For each property being compared, the top bar is SAE-AISI 1016 steel and the bottom bar is ASTM A321 carbon steel.
Metric UnitsUS Customary Units
Mechanical Properties
| Brinell Hardness | 120 to 140 | |
| 190 |
| Elastic (Young's, Tensile) Modulus, GPa | 190 | |
| 190 |
| Elongation at Break, % | 21 to 28 | |
| 21 |
| Fatigue Strength, MPa | 180 to 270 | |
| 270 |
| Poisson's Ratio | 0.29 | |
| 0.29 |
| Reduction in Area, % | 45 to 57 | |
| 39 |
| Shear Modulus, GPa | 73 | |
| 73 |
| Shear Strength, MPa | 280 to 300 | |
| 420 |
| Tensile Strength: Ultimate (UTS), MPa | 430 to 480 | |
| 670 |
| Tensile Strength: Yield (Proof), MPa | 240 to 390 | |
| 390 |
Thermal Properties
| Latent Heat of Fusion, J/g | 250 | |
| 250 |
| Maximum Temperature: Mechanical, °C | 400 | |
| 400 |
| Melting Completion (Liquidus), °C | 1460 | |
| 1460 |
| Melting Onset (Solidus), °C | 1420 | |
| 1420 |
| Specific Heat Capacity, J/kg-K | 470 | |
| 470 |
| Thermal Conductivity, W/m-K | 52 | |
| 51 |
| Thermal Expansion, µm/m-K | 12 | |
| 12 |
Electrical Properties
| Electrical Conductivity: Equal Volume, % IACS | 7.0 | |
| 7.1 |
| Electrical Conductivity: Equal Weight (Specific), % IACS | 8.0 | |
| 8.1 |
Otherwise Unclassified Properties
| Base Metal Price, % relative | 1.8 | |
| 1.8 |
| Density, g/cm3 | 7.9 | |
| 7.8 |
| Embodied Carbon, kg CO2/kg material | 1.4 | |
| 1.4 |
| Embodied Energy, MJ/kg | 18 | |
| 18 |
| Embodied Water, L/kg | 46 | |
| 46 |
Common Calculations
| Resilience: Ultimate (Unit Rupture Work), MJ/m3 | 92 to 100 | |
| 120 |
| Resilience: Unit (Modulus of Resilience), kJ/m3 | 150 to 410 | |
| 400 |
| Stiffness to Weight: Axial, points | 13 | |
| 13 |
| Stiffness to Weight: Bending, points | 24 | |
| 24 |
| Strength to Weight: Axial, points | 15 to 17 | |
| 24 |
| Strength to Weight: Bending, points | 16 to 17 | |
| 22 |
| Thermal Diffusivity, mm2/s | 14 | |
| 14 |
| Thermal Shock Resistance, points | 13 to 15 | |
| 21 |
Alloy Composition
| Carbon (C), % | 0.13 to 0.18 | |
| 0 to 0.55 |
| Iron (Fe), % | 98.8 to 99.27 | |
| 98.1 to 99.25 |
| Manganese (Mn), % | 0.6 to 0.9 | |
| 0.6 to 0.9 |
| Phosphorus (P), % | 0 to 0.040 | |
| 0 to 0.040 |
| Silicon (Si), % | 0 | |
| 0.15 to 0.35 |
| Sulfur (S), % | 0 to 0.050 | |
| 0 to 0.050 |