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ASTM A227 Class I Spring Steel

ASTM A227 class I is ASTM A227 spring steel in the cold worked (strain hardened) condition. The graph bars on the material properties cards below compare ASTM A227 class I to: wrought carbon or non-alloy steels (top), all iron alloys (middle), and the entire database (bottom). A full bar means this is the highest value in the relevant set. A half-full bar means it's 50% of the highest, and so on.

Mechanical Properties

Brinell Hardness

500

Elastic (Young's, Tensile) Modulus

190 GPa 27 x 106 psi

Elongation at Break

12 %

Fatigue Strength

900 MPa 130 x 103 psi

Poisson's Ratio

0.29

Shear Modulus

72 GPa 10 x 106 psi

Shear Strength

1030 MPa 150 x 103 psi

Tensile Strength: Ultimate (UTS)

1720 MPa 250 x 103 psi

Tensile Strength: Yield (Proof)

1430 MPa 210 x 103 psi

Thermal Properties

Latent Heat of Fusion

250 J/g

Maximum Temperature: Mechanical

400 °C 750 °F

Melting Completion (Liquidus)

1450 °C 2650 °F

Melting Onset (Solidus)

1410 °C 2580 °F

Specific Heat Capacity

470 J/kg-K 0.11 BTU/lb-°F

Thermal Conductivity

52 W/m-K 30 BTU/h-ft-°F

Thermal Expansion

12 µm/m-K

Electrical Properties

Electrical Conductivity: Equal Volume

7.2 % IACS

Electrical Conductivity: Equal Weight (Specific)

8.3 % IACS

Otherwise Unclassified Properties

Base Metal Price

1.8 % relative

Density

7.8 g/cm3 490 lb/ft3

Embodied Carbon

1.4 kg CO2/kg material

Embodied Energy

19 MJ/kg 8.0 x 103 BTU/lb

Embodied Water

46 L/kg 5.5 gal/lb

Common Calculations

Resilience: Ultimate (Unit Rupture Work)

200 MJ/m3

Resilience: Unit (Modulus of Resilience)

5470 kJ/m3

Stiffness to Weight: Axial

13 points

Stiffness to Weight: Bending

24 points

Strength to Weight: Axial

61 points

Strength to Weight: Bending

41 points

Thermal Diffusivity

14 mm2/s

Thermal Shock Resistance

55 points

Alloy Composition

Iron (Fe)Fe 97.4 to 99.1
Manganese (Mn)Mn 0.3 to 1.3
Carbon (C)C 0.45 to 0.85
Silicon (Si)Si 0.15 to 0.35
Sulfur (S)S 0 to 0.050
Phosphorus (P)P 0 to 0.040

All values are % weight. Ranges represent what is permitted under applicable standards.

Followup Questions

Further Reading

ASTM A227: Standard Specification for Steel Wire, Cold-Drawn for Mechanical Springs

ASM Specialty Handbook: Carbon and Alloy Steels, J. R. Davis (editor), 1996

Ferrous Materials: Steel and Cast Iron, Hans Berns and Werner Theisen, 2008

Steels: Processing, Structure, and Performance, 2nd ed., George Krauss, 2015