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Annealed M48 Tool Steel

Annealed SAE-AISI M48 is SAE-AISI M48 steel in the annealed condition. The graph bars on the material properties cards below compare annealed SAE-AISI M48 to: tool steels (top), all iron alloys (middle), and the entire database (bottom). A full bar means this is the highest value in the relevant set. A half-full bar means it's 50% of the highest, and so on.

Mechanical Properties

Brinell Hardness

270

Elastic (Young's, Tensile) Modulus

200 GPa 29 x 106 psi

Poisson's Ratio

0.29

Shear Modulus

78 GPa 11 x 106 psi

Tensile Strength: Ultimate (UTS)

890 MPa 130 x 103 psi

Thermal Properties

Latent Heat of Fusion

260 J/g

Melting Completion (Liquidus)

1670 °C 3040 °F

Melting Onset (Solidus)

1620 °C 2950 °F

Specific Heat Capacity

420 J/kg-K 0.1 BTU/lb-°F

Thermal Expansion

12 µm/m-K

Otherwise Unclassified Properties

Base Metal Price

48 % relative

Density

8.7 g/cm3 550 lb/ft3

Embodied Carbon

13 kg CO2/kg material

Embodied Energy

190 MJ/kg 83 x 103 BTU/lb

Embodied Water

160 L/kg 19 gal/lb

Common Calculations

PREN (Pitting Resistance)

37

Stiffness to Weight: Axial

13 points

Stiffness to Weight: Bending

22 points

Strength to Weight: Axial

28 points

Strength to Weight: Bending

23 points

Thermal Shock Resistance

26 points

Alloy Composition

Iron (Fe)Fe 63.8 to 69.8
Tungsten (W)W 9.5 to 10.5
Cobalt (Co)Co 8.0 to 10
Molybdenum (Mo)Mo 4.8 to 5.5
Chromium (Cr)Cr 3.5 to 4.0
Vanadium (V)V 2.8 to 3.3
Carbon (C)C 1.4 to 1.5
Manganese (Mn)Mn 0.15 to 0.4
Silicon (Si)Si 0.15 to 0.4
Nickel (Ni)Ni 0 to 0.3
Copper (Cu)Cu 0 to 0.25
Phosphorus (P)P 0 to 0.030
Sulfur (S)S 0 to 0.030

All values are % weight. Ranges represent what is permitted under applicable standards.

Followup Questions

Further Reading

ASTM A600: Standard Specification for Tool Steel High Speed

Tool Steels: Properties and Performance, Rafael A. Mesquita (editor), 2016

ASM Specialty Handbook: Carbon and Alloy Steels, J. R. Davis (editor), 1996

CRC Materials Science and Engineering Handbook, 4th ed., James F. Shackelford et al. (editors), 2015