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Annealed T1 Tool Steel

Annealed SAE-AISI T1 is SAE-AISI T1 steel in the annealed condition. The graph bars on the material properties cards below compare annealed SAE-AISI T1 to: tool steels (top), all iron alloys (middle), and the entire database (bottom). A full bar means this is the highest value in the relevant set. A half-full bar means it's 50% of the highest, and so on.

Mechanical Properties

Brinell Hardness

230

Elastic (Young's, Tensile) Modulus

200 GPa 30 x 106 psi

Poisson's Ratio

0.29

Rockwell B Hardness

99

Shear Modulus

80 GPa 12 x 106 psi

Tensile Strength: Ultimate (UTS)

770 MPa 110 x 103 psi

Thermal Properties

Latent Heat of Fusion

240 J/g

Melting Completion (Liquidus)

1810 °C 3280 °F

Melting Onset (Solidus)

1750 °C 3180 °F

Specific Heat Capacity

410 J/kg-K 0.1 BTU/lb-°F

Thermal Conductivity

20 W/m-K 12 BTU/h-ft-°F

Thermal Expansion

12 µm/m-K

Otherwise Unclassified Properties

Base Metal Price

45 % relative

Density

9.3 g/cm3 580 lb/ft3

Embodied Carbon

8.2 kg CO2/kg material

Embodied Energy

130 MJ/kg 54 x 103 BTU/lb

Embodied Water

90 L/kg 11 gal/lb

Common Calculations

PREN (Pitting Resistance)

34

Stiffness to Weight: Axial

12 points

Stiffness to Weight: Bending

21 points

Strength to Weight: Axial

23 points

Strength to Weight: Bending

20 points

Thermal Diffusivity

5.2 mm2/s

Thermal Shock Resistance

23 points

Alloy Composition

Iron (Fe)Fe 73.2 to 77.2
Tungsten (W)W 17.3 to 18.8
Chromium (Cr)Cr 3.8 to 4.5
Vanadium (V)V 0.9 to 1.3
Carbon (C)C 0.65 to 0.8
Silicon (Si)Si 0.2 to 0.4
Manganese (Mn)Mn 0.1 to 0.4
Nickel (Ni)Ni 0 to 0.3
Copper (Cu)Cu 0 to 0.25
Phosphorus (P)P 0 to 0.030
Sulfur (S)S 0 to 0.030

All values are % weight. Ranges represent what is permitted under applicable standards.

Followup Questions

Further Reading

SAE J437: Selection and Heat Treatment of Tool and Die Steels

ASTM A600: Standard Specification for Tool Steel High Speed

Tool Steels, 5th ed., George Roberts et al., 1998

Tool Steels: Properties and Performance, Rafael A. Mesquita (editor), 2016

ASM Specialty Handbook: Carbon and Alloy Steels, J. R. Davis (editor), 1996