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Annealed W1 Tool Steel

Annealed AISI W1 is AISI W1 steel in the annealed condition. The graph bars on the material properties cards below compare annealed AISI W1 to: tool steels (top), all iron alloys (middle), and the entire database (bottom). A full bar means this is the highest value in the relevant set. A half-full bar means it's 50% of the highest, and so on.

Mechanical Properties

Brinell Hardness

180

Elastic (Young's, Tensile) Modulus

190 GPa 27 x 106 psi

Elongation at Break

23 %

Fatigue Strength

240 MPa 34 x 103 psi

Poisson's Ratio

0.29

Shear Modulus

72 GPa 10 x 106 psi

Shear Strength

380 MPa 54 x 103 psi

Tensile Strength: Ultimate (UTS)

590 MPa 86 x 103 psi

Tensile Strength: Yield (Proof)

330 MPa 48 x 103 psi

Thermal Properties

Latent Heat of Fusion

250 J/g

Melting Completion (Liquidus)

1450 °C 2640 °F

Melting Onset (Solidus)

1410 °C 2570 °F

Specific Heat Capacity

470 J/kg-K 0.11 BTU/lb-°F

Thermal Conductivity

48 W/m-K 28 BTU/h-ft-°F

Thermal Expansion

10 µm/m-K

Electrical Properties

Electrical Conductivity: Equal Volume

7.1 % IACS

Electrical Conductivity: Equal Weight (Specific)

8.2 % IACS

Otherwise Unclassified Properties

Base Metal Price

2.2 % relative

Density

7.8 g/cm3 490 lb/ft3

Embodied Carbon

1.6 kg CO2/kg material

Embodied Energy

21 MJ/kg 9.2 x 103 BTU/lb

Embodied Water

47 L/kg 5.5 gal/lb

Common Calculations

Resilience: Ultimate (Unit Rupture Work)

120 MJ/m3

Resilience: Unit (Modulus of Resilience)

290 kJ/m3

Stiffness to Weight: Axial

13 points

Stiffness to Weight: Bending

24 points

Strength to Weight: Axial

21 points

Strength to Weight: Bending

20 points

Thermal Diffusivity

13 mm2/s

Thermal Shock Resistance

22 points

Alloy Composition

Iron (Fe)Fe 96.4 to 98.9
Carbon (C)C 0.7 to 1.5
Manganese (Mn)Mn 0.35 to 0.73
Silicon (Si)Si 0.1 to 0.4
Nickel (Ni)Ni 0 to 0.2
Copper (Cu)Cu 0 to 0.2
Chromium (Cr)Cr 0 to 0.15
Tungsten (W)W 0 to 0.15
Molybdenum (Mo)Mo 0 to 0.1
Vanadium (V)V 0 to 0.1
Phosphorus (P)P 0 to 0.025
Sulfur (S)S 0 to 0.025

All values are % weight. Ranges represent what is permitted under applicable standards.

Followup Questions

Further Reading

ASTM A686: Standard Specification for Tool Steel, Carbon

Tool Steels, 5th ed., George Roberts et al., 1998

Tool Steels: Properties and Performance, Rafael A. Mesquita (editor), 2016