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Spheroidized and Cold Drawn (+AC+C) 1.0434 Steel

EN 1.0434 +AC+C steel is EN 1.0434 steel in the spheroidized and cold-drawn condition. It has the lowest ductility compared to the other variants of EN 1.0434 steel. The graph bars on the material properties cards below compare EN 1.0434 +AC+C steel to: wrought carbon or non-alloy steels (top), all iron alloys (middle), and the entire database (bottom). A full bar means this is the highest value in the relevant set. A half-full bar means it's 50% of the highest, and so on.

Mechanical Properties

Brinell Hardness

140

Elastic (Young's, Tensile) Modulus

190 GPa 27 x 106 psi

Elongation at Break

12 %

Fatigue Strength

220 MPa 32 x 103 psi

Poisson's Ratio

0.29

Reduction in Area

68 %

Shear Modulus

73 GPa 11 x 106 psi

Shear Strength

280 MPa 41 x 103 psi

Tensile Strength: Ultimate (UTS)

470 MPa 68 x 103 psi

Tensile Strength: Yield (Proof)

350 MPa 51 x 103 psi

Thermal Properties

Latent Heat of Fusion

250 J/g

Maximum Temperature: Mechanical

400 °C 750 °F

Melting Completion (Liquidus)

1460 °C 2670 °F

Melting Onset (Solidus)

1420 °C 2590 °F

Specific Heat Capacity

470 J/kg-K 0.11 BTU/lb-°F

Thermal Conductivity

52 W/m-K 30 BTU/h-ft-°F

Thermal Expansion

12 µm/m-K

Electrical Properties

Electrical Conductivity: Equal Volume

7.0 % IACS

Electrical Conductivity: Equal Weight (Specific)

8.0 % IACS

Otherwise Unclassified Properties

Base Metal Price

1.8 % relative

Density

7.9 g/cm3 490 lb/ft3

Embodied Carbon

1.4 kg CO2/kg material

Embodied Energy

18 MJ/kg 7.9 x 103 BTU/lb

Embodied Water

46 L/kg 5.5 gal/lb

Common Calculations

Resilience: Ultimate (Unit Rupture Work)

49 MJ/m3

Resilience: Unit (Modulus of Resilience)

330 kJ/m3

Stiffness to Weight: Axial

13 points

Stiffness to Weight: Bending

24 points

Strength to Weight: Axial

16 points

Strength to Weight: Bending

17 points

Thermal Diffusivity

14 mm2/s

Thermal Shock Resistance

15 points

Alloy Composition

Iron (Fe)Fe 98.8 to 99.18
Manganese (Mn)Mn 0.65 to 0.85
Carbon (C)C 0.15 to 0.19
Silicon (Si)Si 0 to 0.1
Aluminum (Al)Al 0.020 to 0.060
Phosphorus (P)P 0 to 0.025
Sulfur (S)S 0 to 0.025

All values are % weight. Ranges represent what is permitted under applicable standards.

Followup Questions

Further Reading

EN 10263-2: Steel rod, bars and wire for cold heading and cold extrusion - Part 2: Technical delivery conditions for steels not intended for heat treatment after cold working

Carbon Steel Handbook, D. Gandy, 2007

Ferrous Materials: Steel and Cast Iron, Hans Berns and Werner Theisen, 2008

CRC Materials Science and Engineering Handbook, 4th ed., James F. Shackelford et al. (editors), 2015

Steels: Processing, Structure, and Performance, 2nd ed., George Krauss, 2015