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Spheroidized and Cold Drawn (+AC+C) 1.3538 Steel

EN 1.3538 +AC+C steel is EN 1.3538 steel in the spheroidized and cold-drawn condition. The graph bars on the material properties cards below compare EN 1.3538 +AC+C steel to: EN wrought alloy steels (top), all iron alloys (middle), and the entire database (bottom). A full bar means this is the highest value in the relevant set. A half-full bar means it's 50% of the highest, and so on.

Mechanical Properties

Brinell Hardness

220

Elastic (Young's, Tensile) Modulus

190 GPa 27 x 106 psi

Elongation at Break

11 %

Fatigue Strength

350 MPa 51 x 103 psi

Poisson's Ratio

0.29

Shear Modulus

73 GPa 11 x 106 psi

Shear Strength

440 MPa 64 x 103 psi

Tensile Strength: Ultimate (UTS)

740 MPa 110 x 103 psi

Tensile Strength: Yield (Proof)

570 MPa 83 x 103 psi

Thermal Properties

Latent Heat of Fusion

250 J/g

Maximum Temperature: Mechanical

440 °C 830 °F

Melting Completion (Liquidus)

1450 °C 2640 °F

Melting Onset (Solidus)

1410 °C 2570 °F

Specific Heat Capacity

470 J/kg-K 0.11 BTU/lb-°F

Thermal Conductivity

41 W/m-K 24 BTU/h-ft-°F

Thermal Expansion

13 µm/m-K

Electrical Properties

Electrical Conductivity: Equal Volume

7.4 % IACS

Electrical Conductivity: Equal Weight (Specific)

8.5 % IACS

Otherwise Unclassified Properties

Base Metal Price

3.0 % relative

Density

7.8 g/cm3 490 lb/ft3

Embodied Carbon

1.6 kg CO2/kg material

Embodied Energy

21 MJ/kg 9.2 x 103 BTU/lb

Embodied Water

56 L/kg 6.6 gal/lb

Common Calculations

PREN (Pitting Resistance)

3.3

Resilience: Ultimate (Unit Rupture Work)

77 MJ/m3

Resilience: Unit (Modulus of Resilience)

870 kJ/m3

Stiffness to Weight: Axial

13 points

Stiffness to Weight: Bending

24 points

Strength to Weight: Axial

26 points

Strength to Weight: Bending

23 points

Thermal Diffusivity

11 mm2/s

Thermal Shock Resistance

22 points

Alloy Composition

Iron (Fe)Fe 96 to 97.2
Chromium (Cr)Cr 1.7 to 2.0
Carbon (C)C 0.93 to 1.1
Manganese (Mn)Mn 0.6 to 0.8
Molybdenum (Mo)Mo 0.4 to 0.5
Silicon (Si)Si 0.15 to 0.35
Copper (Cu)Cu 0 to 0.3
Aluminum (Al)Al 0 to 0.050
Sulfur (S)S 0 to 0.030
Phosphorus (P)P 0 to 0.025
Oxygen (O)O 0 to 0.0015

All values are % weight. Ranges represent what is permitted under applicable standards.

Followup Questions

Further Reading

ISO 683-17: Heat-treated steels, alloy steels and free-cutting steels - Part 17: Ball and roller bearing steels

Manufacture and Uses of Alloy Steels, Henry D. Hibbard, 2005

Ferrous Materials: Steel and Cast Iron, Hans Berns and Werner Theisen, 2008

Steels: Processing, Structure, and Performance, 2nd ed., George Krauss, 2015