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ASTM A231 Spring Steel vs. ASTM Grade HD Steel

Both ASTM A231 spring steel and ASTM grade HD steel are iron alloys. They have 66% of their average alloy composition in common. There are 28 material properties with values for both materials. Properties with values for just one material (6, in this case) are not shown.

For each property being compared, the top bar is ASTM A231 spring steel and the bottom bar is ASTM grade HD steel.

Metric UnitsUS Customary Units

Mechanical Properties

Elastic (Young's, Tensile) Modulus, GPa 190
200
Elongation at Break, % 14
9.1
Fatigue Strength, MPa 1000
140
Poisson's Ratio 0.29
0.27
Shear Modulus, GPa 73
80
Tensile Strength: Ultimate (UTS), MPa 1790
590
Tensile Strength: Yield (Proof), MPa 1570
270

Thermal Properties

Latent Heat of Fusion, J/g 250
310
Maximum Temperature: Mechanical, °C 420
1100
Melting Completion (Liquidus), °C 1460
1410
Melting Onset (Solidus), °C 1410
1370
Specific Heat Capacity, J/kg-K 470
490
Thermal Conductivity, W/m-K 52
16
Thermal Expansion, µm/m-K 13
11

Electrical Properties

Electrical Conductivity: Equal Volume, % IACS 7.3
2.1
Electrical Conductivity: Equal Weight (Specific), % IACS 8.4
2.5

Otherwise Unclassified Properties

Base Metal Price, % relative 2.3
17
Density, g/cm3 7.8
7.7
Embodied Carbon, kg CO2/kg material 2.0
3.1
Embodied Energy, MJ/kg 28
45
Embodied Water, L/kg 51
180

Common Calculations

Resilience: Ultimate (Unit Rupture Work), MJ/m3 230
44
Stiffness to Weight: Axial, points 13
15
Stiffness to Weight: Bending, points 24
26
Strength to Weight: Axial, points 64
21
Strength to Weight: Bending, points 42
20
Thermal Diffusivity, mm2/s 14
4.3
Thermal Shock Resistance, points 53
19

Alloy Composition

Carbon (C), % 0.48 to 0.53
0 to 0.5
Chromium (Cr), % 0.8 to 1.1
26 to 30
Iron (Fe), % 96.7 to 97.7
58.4 to 70
Manganese (Mn), % 0.7 to 0.9
0 to 1.5
Molybdenum (Mo), % 0
0 to 0.5
Nickel (Ni), % 0
4.0 to 7.0
Phosphorus (P), % 0 to 0.040
0 to 0.040
Silicon (Si), % 0.15 to 0.35
0 to 2.0
Sulfur (S), % 0 to 0.040
0 to 0.040
Vanadium (V), % 0.15 to 0.3
0