ASTM A231 Spring Steel vs. ASTM Grade HL Steel
Both ASTM A231 spring steel and ASTM grade HL steel are iron alloys. They have 50% of their average alloy composition in common. There are 25 material properties with values for both materials. Properties with values for just one material (9, in this case) are not shown.
For each property being compared, the top bar is ASTM A231 spring steel and the bottom bar is ASTM grade HL steel.
Metric UnitsUS Customary Units
Mechanical Properties
| Brinell Hardness | 540 | |
| 150 |
| Elastic (Young's, Tensile) Modulus, GPa | 190 | |
| 200 |
| Elongation at Break, % | 14 | |
| 11 |
| Fatigue Strength, MPa | 1000 | |
| 150 |
| Poisson's Ratio | 0.29 | |
| 0.27 |
| Shear Modulus, GPa | 73 | |
| 80 |
| Tensile Strength: Ultimate (UTS), MPa | 1790 | |
| 500 |
| Tensile Strength: Yield (Proof), MPa | 1570 | |
| 270 |
Thermal Properties
| Latent Heat of Fusion, J/g | 250 | |
| 320 |
| Maximum Temperature: Mechanical, °C | 420 | |
| 1100 |
| Melting Completion (Liquidus), °C | 1460 | |
| 1390 |
| Melting Onset (Solidus), °C | 1410 | |
| 1340 |
| Specific Heat Capacity, J/kg-K | 470 | |
| 490 |
| Thermal Expansion, µm/m-K | 13 | |
| 17 |
Otherwise Unclassified Properties
| Base Metal Price, % relative | 2.3 | |
| 27 |
| Density, g/cm3 | 7.8 | |
| 7.8 |
| Embodied Carbon, kg CO2/kg material | 2.0 | |
| 4.5 |
| Embodied Energy, MJ/kg | 28 | |
| 65 |
| Embodied Water, L/kg | 51 | |
| 210 |
Common Calculations
| Resilience: Ultimate (Unit Rupture Work), MJ/m3 | 230 | |
| 48 |
| Stiffness to Weight: Axial, points | 13 | |
| 14 |
| Stiffness to Weight: Bending, points | 24 | |
| 25 |
| Strength to Weight: Axial, points | 64 | |
| 18 |
| Strength to Weight: Bending, points | 42 | |
| 18 |
| Thermal Shock Resistance, points | 53 | |
| 11 |
Alloy Composition
| Carbon (C), % | 0.48 to 0.53 | |
| 0.2 to 0.6 |
| Chromium (Cr), % | 0.8 to 1.1 | |
| 28 to 32 |
| Iron (Fe), % | 96.7 to 97.7 | |
| 40.8 to 53.8 |
| Manganese (Mn), % | 0.7 to 0.9 | |
| 0 to 2.0 |
| Molybdenum (Mo), % | 0 | |
| 0 to 0.5 |
| Nickel (Ni), % | 0 | |
| 18 to 22 |
| Phosphorus (P), % | 0 to 0.040 | |
| 0 to 0.040 |
| Silicon (Si), % | 0.15 to 0.35 | |
| 0 to 2.0 |
| Sulfur (S), % | 0 to 0.040 | |
| 0 to 0.040 |
| Vanadium (V), % | 0.15 to 0.3 | |
| 0 |