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ASTM A232 Spring Steel vs. ASTM A356 Grade 9

Both ASTM A232 spring steel and ASTM A356 grade 9 are iron alloys. They have a very high 98% of their average alloy composition in common. There are 30 material properties with values for both materials. Properties with values for just one material (3, in this case) are not shown.

For each property being compared, the top bar is ASTM A232 spring steel and the bottom bar is ASTM A356 grade 9.

Metric UnitsUS Customary Units

Mechanical Properties

Brinell Hardness 540
200
Elastic (Young's, Tensile) Modulus, GPa 190
190
Elongation at Break, % 14
17
Fatigue Strength, MPa 1040
310
Poisson's Ratio 0.29
0.29
Reduction in Area, % 46
50
Shear Modulus, GPa 73
73
Tensile Strength: Ultimate (UTS), MPa 1790
670
Tensile Strength: Yield (Proof), MPa 1610
460

Thermal Properties

Latent Heat of Fusion, J/g 250
260
Maximum Temperature: Mechanical, °C 420
440
Melting Completion (Liquidus), °C 1460
1470
Melting Onset (Solidus), °C 1410
1430
Specific Heat Capacity, J/kg-K 470
470
Thermal Conductivity, W/m-K 52
41
Thermal Expansion, µm/m-K 13
13

Electrical Properties

Electrical Conductivity: Equal Volume, % IACS 7.3
7.5
Electrical Conductivity: Equal Weight (Specific), % IACS 8.4
8.6

Otherwise Unclassified Properties

Base Metal Price, % relative 2.3
3.6
Density, g/cm3 7.8
7.8
Embodied Carbon, kg CO2/kg material 2.0
2.4
Embodied Energy, MJ/kg 28
33
Embodied Water, L/kg 51
56

Common Calculations

Resilience: Ultimate (Unit Rupture Work), MJ/m3 250
100
Stiffness to Weight: Axial, points 13
13
Stiffness to Weight: Bending, points 24
24
Strength to Weight: Axial, points 64
24
Strength to Weight: Bending, points 42
22
Thermal Diffusivity, mm2/s 14
11
Thermal Shock Resistance, points 53
19

Alloy Composition

Carbon (C), % 0.48 to 0.53
0 to 0.2
Chromium (Cr), % 0.8 to 1.1
1.0 to 1.5
Iron (Fe), % 96.8 to 97.7
95.2 to 97.2
Manganese (Mn), % 0.7 to 0.9
0.5 to 0.9
Molybdenum (Mo), % 0
0.9 to 1.2
Phosphorus (P), % 0 to 0.020
0 to 0.035
Silicon (Si), % 0.15 to 0.35
0.2 to 0.6
Sulfur (S), % 0 to 0.035
0 to 0.030
Vanadium (V), % 0.15 to 0.3
0.2 to 0.35