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ASTM A321 Carbon Steel vs. SAE-AISI 1090 Steel

Both ASTM A321 carbon steel and SAE-AISI 1090 steel are iron alloys. Their average alloy composition is basically identical.

For each property being compared, the top bar is ASTM A321 carbon steel and the bottom bar is SAE-AISI 1090 steel.

Metric UnitsUS Customary Units

Mechanical Properties

Brinell Hardness 190
220 to 280
Elastic (Young's, Tensile) Modulus, GPa 190
190
Elongation at Break, % 21
11
Fatigue Strength, MPa 270
320 to 380
Poisson's Ratio 0.29
0.29
Reduction in Area, % 39
28 to 45
Shear Modulus, GPa 73
72
Shear Strength, MPa 420
470 to 570
Tensile Strength: Ultimate (UTS), MPa 670
790 to 950
Tensile Strength: Yield (Proof), MPa 390
520 to 610

Thermal Properties

Latent Heat of Fusion, J/g 250
240
Maximum Temperature: Mechanical, °C 400
400
Melting Completion (Liquidus), °C 1460
1450
Melting Onset (Solidus), °C 1420
1410
Specific Heat Capacity, J/kg-K 470
470
Thermal Conductivity, W/m-K 51
50
Thermal Expansion, µm/m-K 12
12

Electrical Properties

Electrical Conductivity: Equal Volume, % IACS 7.1
7.1
Electrical Conductivity: Equal Weight (Specific), % IACS 8.1
8.2

Otherwise Unclassified Properties

Base Metal Price, % relative 1.8
1.8
Density, g/cm3 7.8
7.8
Embodied Carbon, kg CO2/kg material 1.4
1.4
Embodied Energy, MJ/kg 18
19
Embodied Water, L/kg 46
46

Common Calculations

Resilience: Ultimate (Unit Rupture Work), MJ/m3 120
82 to 91
Resilience: Unit (Modulus of Resilience), kJ/m3 400
730 to 1000
Stiffness to Weight: Axial, points 13
13
Stiffness to Weight: Bending, points 24
24
Strength to Weight: Axial, points 24
28 to 34
Strength to Weight: Bending, points 22
24 to 27
Thermal Diffusivity, mm2/s 14
13
Thermal Shock Resistance, points 21
25 to 31

Alloy Composition

Carbon (C), % 0 to 0.55
0.85 to 1.0
Iron (Fe), % 98.1 to 99.25
98 to 98.6
Manganese (Mn), % 0.6 to 0.9
0.6 to 0.9
Phosphorus (P), % 0 to 0.040
0 to 0.040
Silicon (Si), % 0.15 to 0.35
0
Sulfur (S), % 0 to 0.050
0 to 0.050