ASTM A372 Grade M Steel vs. Grade 31 Titanium
ASTM A372 grade M steel belongs to the iron alloys classification, while grade 31 titanium belongs to the titanium alloys. There are 29 material properties with values for both materials. Properties with values for just one material (4, in this case) are not shown.
For each property being compared, the top bar is ASTM A372 grade M steel and the bottom bar is grade 31 titanium.
Metric UnitsUS Customary Units
Mechanical Properties
| Elastic (Young's, Tensile) Modulus, GPa | 190 | |
| 110 |
| Elongation at Break, % | 18 to 21 | |
| 20 |
| Fatigue Strength, MPa | 450 to 520 | |
| 300 |
| Poisson's Ratio | 0.29 | |
| 0.32 |
| Shear Modulus, GPa | 73 | |
| 41 |
| Shear Strength, MPa | 510 to 570 | |
| 320 |
| Tensile Strength: Ultimate (UTS), MPa | 810 to 910 | |
| 510 |
| Tensile Strength: Yield (Proof), MPa | 660 to 770 | |
| 450 |
Thermal Properties
| Latent Heat of Fusion, J/g | 250 | |
| 420 |
| Maximum Temperature: Mechanical, °C | 450 | |
| 320 |
| Melting Completion (Liquidus), °C | 1460 | |
| 1660 |
| Melting Onset (Solidus), °C | 1420 | |
| 1610 |
| Specific Heat Capacity, J/kg-K | 470 | |
| 540 |
| Thermal Conductivity, W/m-K | 46 | |
| 21 |
| Thermal Expansion, µm/m-K | 13 | |
| 8.7 |
Electrical Properties
| Electrical Conductivity: Equal Volume, % IACS | 8.0 | |
| 3.4 |
| Electrical Conductivity: Equal Weight (Specific), % IACS | 9.1 | |
| 6.9 |
Otherwise Unclassified Properties
| Density, g/cm3 | 7.9 | |
| 4.5 |
| Embodied Carbon, kg CO2/kg material | 2.0 | |
| 36 |
| Embodied Energy, MJ/kg | 27 | |
| 600 |
| Embodied Water, L/kg | 61 | |
| 230 |
Common Calculations
| Resilience: Ultimate (Unit Rupture Work), MJ/m3 | 160 | |
| 99 |
| Resilience: Unit (Modulus of Resilience), kJ/m3 | 1140 to 1580 | |
| 940 |
| Stiffness to Weight: Axial, points | 13 | |
| 13 |
| Stiffness to Weight: Bending, points | 24 | |
| 35 |
| Strength to Weight: Axial, points | 29 to 32 | |
| 32 |
| Strength to Weight: Bending, points | 24 to 27 | |
| 32 |
| Thermal Diffusivity, mm2/s | 12 | |
| 8.5 |
| Thermal Shock Resistance, points | 24 to 27 | |
| 39 |
Alloy Composition
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| Carbon (C), % | 0 to 0.23 | |
| 0 to 0.080 |
| Chromium (Cr), % | 1.5 to 2.0 | |
| 0 |
| Cobalt (Co), % | 0 | |
| 0.2 to 0.8 |
| Hydrogen (H), % | 0 | |
| 0 to 0.015 |
| Iron (Fe), % | 92.5 to 95.1 | |
| 0 to 0.3 |
| Manganese (Mn), % | 0.2 to 0.4 | |
| 0 |
| Molybdenum (Mo), % | 0.4 to 0.6 | |
| 0 |
| Nickel (Ni), % | 2.8 to 3.9 | |
| 0 |
| Nitrogen (N), % | 0 | |
| 0 to 0.050 |
| Oxygen (O), % | 0 | |
| 0 to 0.35 |
| Palladium (Pd), % | 0 | |
| 0.040 to 0.080 |
| Phosphorus (P), % | 0 to 0.015 | |
| 0 |
| Silicon (Si), % | 0 to 0.3 | |
| 0 |
| Sulfur (S), % | 0 to 0.010 | |
| 0 |
| Titanium (Ti), % | 0 | |
| 97.9 to 99.76 |
| Vanadium (V), % | 0 to 0.080 | |
| 0 |
| Residuals, % | 0 | |
| 0 to 0.4 |