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ASTM Grade HD Steel vs. ASTM A231 Spring Steel

Both ASTM grade HD steel and ASTM A231 spring steel are iron alloys. They have 66% of their average alloy composition in common. There are 28 material properties with values for both materials. Properties with values for just one material (6, in this case) are not shown.

For each property being compared, the top bar is ASTM grade HD steel and the bottom bar is ASTM A231 spring steel.

Metric UnitsUS Customary Units

Mechanical Properties

Elastic (Young's, Tensile) Modulus, GPa 200
190
Elongation at Break, % 9.1
14
Fatigue Strength, MPa 140
1000
Poisson's Ratio 0.27
0.29
Shear Modulus, GPa 80
73
Tensile Strength: Ultimate (UTS), MPa 590
1790
Tensile Strength: Yield (Proof), MPa 270
1570

Thermal Properties

Latent Heat of Fusion, J/g 310
250
Maximum Temperature: Mechanical, °C 1100
420
Melting Completion (Liquidus), °C 1410
1460
Melting Onset (Solidus), °C 1370
1410
Specific Heat Capacity, J/kg-K 490
470
Thermal Conductivity, W/m-K 16
52
Thermal Expansion, µm/m-K 11
13

Electrical Properties

Electrical Conductivity: Equal Volume, % IACS 2.1
7.3
Electrical Conductivity: Equal Weight (Specific), % IACS 2.5
8.4

Otherwise Unclassified Properties

Base Metal Price, % relative 17
2.3
Density, g/cm3 7.7
7.8
Embodied Carbon, kg CO2/kg material 3.1
2.0
Embodied Energy, MJ/kg 45
28
Embodied Water, L/kg 180
51

Common Calculations

Resilience: Ultimate (Unit Rupture Work), MJ/m3 44
230
Stiffness to Weight: Axial, points 15
13
Stiffness to Weight: Bending, points 26
24
Strength to Weight: Axial, points 21
64
Strength to Weight: Bending, points 20
42
Thermal Diffusivity, mm2/s 4.3
14
Thermal Shock Resistance, points 19
53

Alloy Composition

Carbon (C), % 0 to 0.5
0.48 to 0.53
Chromium (Cr), % 26 to 30
0.8 to 1.1
Iron (Fe), % 58.4 to 70
96.7 to 97.7
Manganese (Mn), % 0 to 1.5
0.7 to 0.9
Molybdenum (Mo), % 0 to 0.5
0
Nickel (Ni), % 4.0 to 7.0
0
Phosphorus (P), % 0 to 0.040
0 to 0.040
Silicon (Si), % 0 to 2.0
0.15 to 0.35
Sulfur (S), % 0 to 0.040
0 to 0.040
Vanadium (V), % 0
0.15 to 0.3