Grade 16 Titanium vs. Grade 31 Titanium
Both grade 16 titanium and grade 31 titanium are titanium alloys. Both are furnished in the annealed condition. Their average alloy composition is basically identical.
For each property being compared, the top bar is grade 16 titanium and the bottom bar is grade 31 titanium.
Metric UnitsUS Customary Units
Mechanical Properties
| Elastic (Young's, Tensile) Modulus, GPa | 110 | |
| 110 |
| Elongation at Break, % | 23 | |
| 20 |
| Fatigue Strength, MPa | 240 | |
| 300 |
| Poisson's Ratio | 0.32 | |
| 0.32 |
| Reduction in Area, % | 34 | |
| 34 |
| Shear Modulus, GPa | 38 | |
| 41 |
| Shear Strength, MPa | 250 | |
| 320 |
| Tensile Strength: Ultimate (UTS), MPa | 400 | |
| 510 |
| Tensile Strength: Yield (Proof), MPa | 340 | |
| 450 |
Thermal Properties
| Latent Heat of Fusion, J/g | 420 | |
| 420 |
| Maximum Temperature: Mechanical, °C | 320 | |
| 320 |
| Melting Completion (Liquidus), °C | 1660 | |
| 1660 |
| Melting Onset (Solidus), °C | 1610 | |
| 1610 |
| Specific Heat Capacity, J/kg-K | 540 | |
| 540 |
| Thermal Conductivity, W/m-K | 22 | |
| 21 |
| Thermal Expansion, µm/m-K | 9.2 | |
| 8.7 |
Electrical Properties
| Electrical Conductivity: Equal Volume, % IACS | 3.6 | |
| 3.4 |
| Electrical Conductivity: Equal Weight (Specific), % IACS | 7.2 | |
| 6.9 |
Otherwise Unclassified Properties
| Density, g/cm3 | 4.5 | |
| 4.5 |
| Embodied Carbon, kg CO2/kg material | 36 | |
| 36 |
| Embodied Energy, MJ/kg | 600 | |
| 600 |
| Embodied Water, L/kg | 230 | |
| 230 |
Common Calculations
| Resilience: Ultimate (Unit Rupture Work), MJ/m3 | 86 | |
| 99 |
| Resilience: Unit (Modulus of Resilience), kJ/m3 | 550 | |
| 940 |
| Stiffness to Weight: Axial, points | 13 | |
| 13 |
| Stiffness to Weight: Bending, points | 35 | |
| 35 |
| Strength to Weight: Axial, points | 25 | |
| 32 |
| Strength to Weight: Bending, points | 27 | |
| 32 |
| Thermal Diffusivity, mm2/s | 8.9 | |
| 8.5 |
| Thermal Shock Resistance, points | 29 | |
| 39 |
Alloy Composition
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| Carbon (C), % | 0 to 0.080 | |
| 0 to 0.080 |
| Cobalt (Co), % | 0 | |
| 0.2 to 0.8 |
| Hydrogen (H), % | 0 to 0.015 | |
| 0 to 0.015 |
| Iron (Fe), % | 0 to 0.3 | |
| 0 to 0.3 |
| Nitrogen (N), % | 0 to 0.030 | |
| 0 to 0.050 |
| Oxygen (O), % | 0 to 0.25 | |
| 0 to 0.35 |
| Palladium (Pd), % | 0.040 to 0.080 | |
| 0.040 to 0.080 |
| Titanium (Ti), % | 98.8 to 99.96 | |
| 97.9 to 99.76 |
| Residuals, % | 0 to 0.4 | |
| 0 to 0.4 |