Grade 21 Titanium vs. SAE-AISI D3 Steel
Grade 21 titanium belongs to the titanium alloys classification, while SAE-AISI D3 steel belongs to the iron alloys. There are 26 material properties with values for both materials. Properties with values for just one material (6, in this case) are not shown.
For each property being compared, the top bar is grade 21 titanium and the bottom bar is SAE-AISI D3 steel.
Metric UnitsUS Customary Units
Mechanical Properties
| Elastic (Young's, Tensile) Modulus, GPa | 140 | |
| 190 |
| Elongation at Break, % | 9.0 to 17 | |
| 9.8 to 15 |
| Fatigue Strength, MPa | 550 to 660 | |
| 310 to 940 |
| Poisson's Ratio | 0.32 | |
| 0.28 |
| Shear Modulus, GPa | 51 | |
| 74 |
| Shear Strength, MPa | 550 to 790 | |
| 470 to 1220 |
| Tensile Strength: Ultimate (UTS), MPa | 890 to 1340 | |
| 770 to 2050 |
| Tensile Strength: Yield (Proof), MPa | 870 to 1170 | |
| 480 to 1550 |
Thermal Properties
| Latent Heat of Fusion, J/g | 410 | |
| 270 |
| Melting Completion (Liquidus), °C | 1740 | |
| 1430 |
| Melting Onset (Solidus), °C | 1690 | |
| 1390 |
| Specific Heat Capacity, J/kg-K | 500 | |
| 480 |
| Thermal Conductivity, W/m-K | 7.5 | |
| 31 |
| Thermal Expansion, µm/m-K | 7.1 | |
| 12 |
Otherwise Unclassified Properties
| Base Metal Price, % relative | 60 | |
| 8.0 |
| Density, g/cm3 | 5.4 | |
| 7.7 |
| Embodied Carbon, kg CO2/kg material | 32 | |
| 3.2 |
| Embodied Energy, MJ/kg | 490 | |
| 48 |
| Embodied Water, L/kg | 180 | |
| 100 |
Common Calculations
| Resilience: Ultimate (Unit Rupture Work), MJ/m3 | 110 to 180 | |
| 97 to 180 |
| Stiffness to Weight: Axial, points | 14 | |
| 14 |
| Stiffness to Weight: Bending, points | 32 | |
| 25 |
| Strength to Weight: Axial, points | 46 to 69 | |
| 28 to 74 |
| Strength to Weight: Bending, points | 38 to 50 | |
| 24 to 47 |
| Thermal Diffusivity, mm2/s | 2.8 | |
| 8.3 |
| Thermal Shock Resistance, points | 66 to 100 | |
| 23 to 63 |
Alloy Composition
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| Aluminum (Al), % | 2.5 to 3.5 | |
| 0 |
| Carbon (C), % | 0 to 0.050 | |
| 2.0 to 2.4 |
| Chromium (Cr), % | 0 | |
| 11 to 13.5 |
| Copper (Cu), % | 0 | |
| 0 to 0.25 |
| Hydrogen (H), % | 0 to 0.015 | |
| 0 |
| Iron (Fe), % | 0 to 0.4 | |
| 80.3 to 87 |
| Manganese (Mn), % | 0 | |
| 0 to 0.6 |
| Molybdenum (Mo), % | 14 to 16 | |
| 0 |
| Nickel (Ni), % | 0 | |
| 0 to 0.3 |
| Niobium (Nb), % | 2.2 to 3.2 | |
| 0 |
| Nitrogen (N), % | 0 to 0.030 | |
| 0 |
| Oxygen (O), % | 0 to 0.17 | |
| 0 |
| Phosphorus (P), % | 0 | |
| 0 to 0.030 |
| Silicon (Si), % | 0.15 to 0.25 | |
| 0 to 0.6 |
| Sulfur (S), % | 0 | |
| 0 to 0.030 |
| Titanium (Ti), % | 76 to 81.2 | |
| 0 |
| Tungsten (W), % | 0 | |
| 0 to 1.0 |
| Vanadium (V), % | 0 | |
| 0 to 1.0 |
| Residuals, % | 0 to 0.4 | |
| 0 |