Grade 21 Titanium vs. SAE-AISI D4 Steel
Grade 21 titanium belongs to the titanium alloys classification, while SAE-AISI D4 steel belongs to the iron alloys. There are 26 material properties with values for both materials. Properties with values for just one material (6, in this case) are not shown.
For each property being compared, the top bar is grade 21 titanium and the bottom bar is SAE-AISI D4 steel.
Metric UnitsUS Customary Units
Mechanical Properties
| Elastic (Young's, Tensile) Modulus, GPa | 140 | |
| 190 |
| Elongation at Break, % | 9.0 to 17 | |
| 8.4 to 15 |
| Fatigue Strength, MPa | 550 to 660 | |
| 310 to 920 |
| Poisson's Ratio | 0.32 | |
| 0.28 |
| Shear Modulus, GPa | 51 | |
| 74 |
| Shear Strength, MPa | 550 to 790 | |
| 460 to 1210 |
| Tensile Strength: Ultimate (UTS), MPa | 890 to 1340 | |
| 760 to 2060 |
| Tensile Strength: Yield (Proof), MPa | 870 to 1170 | |
| 470 to 1540 |
Thermal Properties
| Latent Heat of Fusion, J/g | 410 | |
| 270 |
| Melting Completion (Liquidus), °C | 1740 | |
| 1430 |
| Melting Onset (Solidus), °C | 1690 | |
| 1380 |
| Specific Heat Capacity, J/kg-K | 500 | |
| 480 |
| Thermal Conductivity, W/m-K | 7.5 | |
| 31 |
| Thermal Expansion, µm/m-K | 7.1 | |
| 12 |
Otherwise Unclassified Properties
| Base Metal Price, % relative | 60 | |
| 8.0 |
| Density, g/cm3 | 5.4 | |
| 7.7 |
| Embodied Carbon, kg CO2/kg material | 32 | |
| 3.3 |
| Embodied Energy, MJ/kg | 490 | |
| 49 |
| Embodied Water, L/kg | 180 | |
| 100 |
Common Calculations
| Resilience: Ultimate (Unit Rupture Work), MJ/m3 | 110 to 180 | |
| 100 to 160 |
| Stiffness to Weight: Axial, points | 14 | |
| 14 |
| Stiffness to Weight: Bending, points | 32 | |
| 25 |
| Strength to Weight: Axial, points | 46 to 69 | |
| 27 to 75 |
| Strength to Weight: Bending, points | 38 to 50 | |
| 24 to 47 |
| Thermal Diffusivity, mm2/s | 2.8 | |
| 8.3 |
| Thermal Shock Resistance, points | 66 to 100 | |
| 23 to 63 |
Alloy Composition
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| Aluminum (Al), % | 2.5 to 3.5 | |
| 0 |
| Carbon (C), % | 0 to 0.050 | |
| 2.1 to 2.4 |
| Chromium (Cr), % | 0 | |
| 11 to 13 |
| Copper (Cu), % | 0 | |
| 0 to 0.25 |
| Hydrogen (H), % | 0 to 0.015 | |
| 0 |
| Iron (Fe), % | 0 to 0.4 | |
| 80.6 to 86.3 |
| Manganese (Mn), % | 0 | |
| 0 to 0.6 |
| Molybdenum (Mo), % | 14 to 16 | |
| 0.7 to 1.2 |
| Nickel (Ni), % | 0 | |
| 0 to 0.3 |
| Niobium (Nb), % | 2.2 to 3.2 | |
| 0 |
| Nitrogen (N), % | 0 to 0.030 | |
| 0 |
| Oxygen (O), % | 0 to 0.17 | |
| 0 |
| Phosphorus (P), % | 0 | |
| 0 to 0.030 |
| Silicon (Si), % | 0.15 to 0.25 | |
| 0 to 0.6 |
| Sulfur (S), % | 0 | |
| 0 to 0.030 |
| Titanium (Ti), % | 76 to 81.2 | |
| 0 |
| Vanadium (V), % | 0 | |
| 0 to 1.0 |
| Residuals, % | 0 to 0.4 | |
| 0 |