Grade 23 Titanium vs. SAE-AISI 4028 Steel
Grade 23 titanium belongs to the titanium alloys classification, while SAE-AISI 4028 steel belongs to the iron alloys. There are 30 material properties with values for both materials. Properties with values for just one material (3, in this case) are not shown.
For each property being compared, the top bar is grade 23 titanium and the bottom bar is SAE-AISI 4028 steel.
Metric UnitsUS Customary Units
Mechanical Properties
| Elastic (Young's, Tensile) Modulus, GPa | 110 | |
| 190 |
| Elongation at Break, % | 6.7 to 11 | |
| 14 to 23 |
| Fatigue Strength, MPa | 470 to 500 | |
| 180 to 330 |
| Poisson's Ratio | 0.32 | |
| 0.29 |
| Shear Modulus, GPa | 40 | |
| 73 |
| Shear Strength, MPa | 540 to 570 | |
| 310 to 380 |
| Tensile Strength: Ultimate (UTS), MPa | 930 to 940 | |
| 490 to 630 |
| Tensile Strength: Yield (Proof), MPa | 850 to 870 | |
| 260 to 520 |
Thermal Properties
| Latent Heat of Fusion, J/g | 410 | |
| 250 |
| Maximum Temperature: Mechanical, °C | 340 | |
| 400 |
| Melting Completion (Liquidus), °C | 1610 | |
| 1460 |
| Melting Onset (Solidus), °C | 1560 | |
| 1420 |
| Specific Heat Capacity, J/kg-K | 560 | |
| 470 |
| Thermal Conductivity, W/m-K | 7.1 | |
| 49 |
| Thermal Expansion, µm/m-K | 9.4 | |
| 12 |
Electrical Properties
| Electrical Conductivity: Equal Volume, % IACS | 1.0 | |
| 7.1 |
| Electrical Conductivity: Equal Weight (Specific), % IACS | 2.0 | |
| 8.1 |
Otherwise Unclassified Properties
| Base Metal Price, % relative | 36 | |
| 2.1 |
| Density, g/cm3 | 4.4 | |
| 7.8 |
| Embodied Carbon, kg CO2/kg material | 38 | |
| 1.5 |
| Embodied Energy, MJ/kg | 610 | |
| 19 |
| Embodied Water, L/kg | 200 | |
| 47 |
Common Calculations
| Resilience: Ultimate (Unit Rupture Work), MJ/m3 | 61 to 100 | |
| 81 to 95 |
| Resilience: Unit (Modulus of Resilience), kJ/m3 | 3430 to 3560 | |
| 180 to 720 |
| Stiffness to Weight: Axial, points | 13 | |
| 13 |
| Stiffness to Weight: Bending, points | 35 | |
| 24 |
| Strength to Weight: Axial, points | 58 to 59 | |
| 17 to 22 |
| Strength to Weight: Bending, points | 48 | |
| 18 to 21 |
| Thermal Diffusivity, mm2/s | 2.9 | |
| 13 |
| Thermal Shock Resistance, points | 67 to 68 | |
| 16 to 20 |
Alloy Composition
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| Aluminum (Al), % | 5.5 to 6.5 | |
| 0 |
| Carbon (C), % | 0 to 0.080 | |
| 0.25 to 0.3 |
| Hydrogen (H), % | 0 to 0.013 | |
| 0 |
| Iron (Fe), % | 0 to 0.25 | |
| 98.1 to 98.7 |
| Manganese (Mn), % | 0 | |
| 0.7 to 0.9 |
| Molybdenum (Mo), % | 0 | |
| 0.2 to 0.3 |
| Nitrogen (N), % | 0 to 0.030 | |
| 0 |
| Oxygen (O), % | 0 to 0.13 | |
| 0 |
| Phosphorus (P), % | 0 | |
| 0 to 0.035 |
| Silicon (Si), % | 0 | |
| 0.15 to 0.35 |
| Sulfur (S), % | 0 | |
| 0.035 to 0.050 |
| Titanium (Ti), % | 88.1 to 91 | |
| 0 |
| Vanadium (V), % | 3.5 to 4.5 | |
| 0 |
| Residuals, % | 0 to 0.4 | |
| 0 |