Grade 31 Titanium vs. SAE-AISI T2 Steel
Grade 31 titanium belongs to the titanium alloys classification, while SAE-AISI T2 steel belongs to the iron alloys. There are 20 material properties with values for both materials. Properties with values for just one material (12, in this case) are not shown. Please note that the two materials have significantly dissimilar densities. This means that additional care is required when interpreting the data, because some material properties are based on units of mass, while others are based on units of area or volume.
For each property being compared, the top bar is grade 31 titanium and the bottom bar is SAE-AISI T2 steel.
Metric UnitsUS Customary Units
Mechanical Properties
| Elastic (Young's, Tensile) Modulus, GPa | 110 | |
| 200 |
| Poisson's Ratio | 0.32 | |
| 0.29 |
| Shear Modulus, GPa | 41 | |
| 79 |
| Tensile Strength: Ultimate (UTS), MPa | 510 | |
| 780 to 2150 |
Thermal Properties
| Latent Heat of Fusion, J/g | 420 | |
| 250 |
| Melting Completion (Liquidus), °C | 1660 | |
| 1820 |
| Melting Onset (Solidus), °C | 1610 | |
| 1760 |
| Specific Heat Capacity, J/kg-K | 540 | |
| 410 |
| Thermal Conductivity, W/m-K | 21 | |
| 19 |
| Thermal Expansion, µm/m-K | 8.7 | |
| 12 |
Otherwise Unclassified Properties
| Density, g/cm3 | 4.5 | |
| 9.3 |
| Embodied Carbon, kg CO2/kg material | 36 | |
| 11 |
| Embodied Energy, MJ/kg | 600 | |
| 170 |
| Embodied Water, L/kg | 230 | |
| 98 |
Common Calculations
| Stiffness to Weight: Axial, points | 13 | |
| 12 |
| Stiffness to Weight: Bending, points | 35 | |
| 21 |
| Strength to Weight: Axial, points | 32 | |
| 23 to 64 |
| Strength to Weight: Bending, points | 32 | |
| 20 to 40 |
| Thermal Diffusivity, mm2/s | 8.5 | |
| 4.9 |
| Thermal Shock Resistance, points | 39 | |
| 23 to 65 |
Alloy Composition
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| Carbon (C), % | 0 to 0.080 | |
| 0.8 to 0.9 |
| Chromium (Cr), % | 0 | |
| 3.8 to 4.5 |
| Cobalt (Co), % | 0.2 to 0.8 | |
| 0 |
| Copper (Cu), % | 0 | |
| 0 to 0.25 |
| Hydrogen (H), % | 0 to 0.015 | |
| 0 |
| Iron (Fe), % | 0 to 0.3 | |
| 70.8 to 75.8 |
| Manganese (Mn), % | 0 | |
| 0.2 to 0.4 |
| Molybdenum (Mo), % | 0 | |
| 0 to 1.0 |
| Nickel (Ni), % | 0 | |
| 0 to 0.3 |
| Nitrogen (N), % | 0 to 0.050 | |
| 0 |
| Oxygen (O), % | 0 to 0.35 | |
| 0 |
| Palladium (Pd), % | 0.040 to 0.080 | |
| 0 |
| Phosphorus (P), % | 0 | |
| 0 to 0.030 |
| Silicon (Si), % | 0 | |
| 0.2 to 0.4 |
| Sulfur (S), % | 0 | |
| 0 to 0.030 |
| Titanium (Ti), % | 97.9 to 99.76 | |
| 0 |
| Tungsten (W), % | 0 | |
| 17.5 to 19 |
| Vanadium (V), % | 0 | |
| 1.8 to 2.4 |
| Residuals, % | 0 to 0.4 | |
| 0 |