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Grade VDC Steel vs. C94400 Bronze

Grade VDC steel belongs to the iron alloys classification, while C94400 bronze belongs to the copper alloys. There are 25 material properties with values for both materials. Properties with values for just one material (5, in this case) are not shown.

For each property being compared, the top bar is grade VDC steel and the bottom bar is C94400 bronze.

Metric UnitsUS Customary Units

Mechanical Properties

Brinell Hardness 510
55
Elastic (Young's, Tensile) Modulus, GPa 190
100
Poisson's Ratio 0.29
0.35
Shear Modulus, GPa 80
37
Tensile Strength: Ultimate (UTS), MPa 1700
220

Thermal Properties

Latent Heat of Fusion, J/g 250
180
Maximum Temperature: Mechanical, °C 400
150
Melting Completion (Liquidus), °C 1450
940
Melting Onset (Solidus), °C 1410
790
Specific Heat Capacity, J/kg-K 470
350
Thermal Conductivity, W/m-K 51
52
Thermal Expansion, µm/m-K 13
19

Electrical Properties

Electrical Conductivity: Equal Volume, % IACS 7.1
10
Electrical Conductivity: Equal Weight (Specific), % IACS 8.1
9.9

Otherwise Unclassified Properties

Base Metal Price, % relative 1.9
32
Density, g/cm3 7.8
9.1
Embodied Carbon, kg CO2/kg material 1.4
3.4
Embodied Energy, MJ/kg 19
54
Embodied Water, L/kg 47
390

Common Calculations

Stiffness to Weight: Axial, points 13
6.1
Stiffness to Weight: Bending, points 24
17
Strength to Weight: Axial, points 60
6.8
Strength to Weight: Bending, points 40
9.0
Thermal Diffusivity, mm2/s 14
17
Thermal Shock Resistance, points 50
8.3

Alloy Composition

Aluminum (Al), % 0
0 to 0.0050
Antimony (Sb), % 0
0 to 0.8
Carbon (C), % 0.6 to 0.75
0
Chromium (Cr), % 0 to 0.3
0
Copper (Cu), % 0 to 0.060
76.1 to 84
Iron (Fe), % 98.3 to 99.35
0 to 0.15
Lead (Pb), % 0
9.0 to 12
Manganese (Mn), % 0.5 to 1.0
0
Nickel (Ni), % 0
0 to 1.0
Phosphorus (P), % 0 to 0.020
0 to 0.050
Silicon (Si), % 0.15 to 0.3
0 to 0.0050
Sulfur (S), % 0 to 0.020
0 to 0.080
Tin (Sn), % 0
7.0 to 9.0
Zinc (Zn), % 0
0 to 0.8