Transformed-beta Grade 28 Titanium vs. Transformed-beta Grade 29 Titanium
Both transformed-beta grade 28 titanium and transformed-beta grade 29 titanium are titanium alloys. Both are furnished in the transformed beta condition. They have a very high 96% of their average alloy composition in common.
For each property being compared, the top bar is transformed-beta grade 28 titanium and the bottom bar is transformed-beta grade 29 titanium.
Metric UnitsUS Customary Units
Mechanical Properties
| Elastic (Young's, Tensile) Modulus, GPa | 110 | |
| 110 |
| Elongation at Break, % | 13 | |
| 6.8 |
| Fatigue Strength, MPa | 330 | |
| 460 |
| Poisson's Ratio | 0.32 | |
| 0.32 |
| Reduction in Area, % | 22 | |
| 17 |
| Shear Modulus, GPa | 40 | |
| 40 |
| Shear Strength, MPa | 420 | |
| 550 |
| Tensile Strength: Ultimate (UTS), MPa | 690 | |
| 940 |
| Tensile Strength: Yield (Proof), MPa | 550 | |
| 850 |
Thermal Properties
| Latent Heat of Fusion, J/g | 410 | |
| 410 |
| Maximum Temperature: Mechanical, °C | 330 | |
| 340 |
| Melting Completion (Liquidus), °C | 1640 | |
| 1610 |
| Melting Onset (Solidus), °C | 1590 | |
| 1560 |
| Specific Heat Capacity, J/kg-K | 550 | |
| 560 |
| Thermal Conductivity, W/m-K | 8.3 | |
| 7.3 |
| Thermal Expansion, µm/m-K | 9.9 | |
| 9.3 |
Electrical Properties
| Electrical Conductivity: Equal Volume, % IACS | 1.3 | |
| 1.0 |
| Electrical Conductivity: Equal Weight (Specific), % IACS | 2.7 | |
| 2.0 |
Otherwise Unclassified Properties
| Base Metal Price, % relative | 36 | |
| 36 |
| Density, g/cm3 | 4.5 | |
| 4.5 |
| Embodied Carbon, kg CO2/kg material | 37 | |
| 39 |
| Embodied Energy, MJ/kg | 600 | |
| 640 |
| Embodied Water, L/kg | 370 | |
| 410 |
Common Calculations
| Resilience: Ultimate (Unit Rupture Work), MJ/m3 | 87 | |
| 62 |
| Resilience: Unit (Modulus of Resilience), kJ/m3 | 1420 | |
| 3420 |
| Stiffness to Weight: Axial, points | 13 | |
| 13 |
| Stiffness to Weight: Bending, points | 35 | |
| 35 |
| Strength to Weight: Axial, points | 43 | |
| 59 |
| Strength to Weight: Bending, points | 39 | |
| 48 |
| Thermal Diffusivity, mm2/s | 3.4 | |
| 2.9 |
| Thermal Shock Resistance, points | 47 | |
| 69 |
Alloy Composition
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| Aluminum (Al), % | 2.5 to 3.5 | |
| 5.5 to 6.5 |
| Carbon (C), % | 0 to 0.080 | |
| 0 to 0.080 |
| Hydrogen (H), % | 0 to 0.015 | |
| 0 to 0.015 |
| Iron (Fe), % | 0 to 0.25 | |
| 0 to 0.25 |
| Nitrogen (N), % | 0 to 0.030 | |
| 0 to 0.030 |
| Oxygen (O), % | 0 to 0.15 | |
| 0 to 0.13 |
| Ruthenium (Ru), % | 0.080 to 0.14 | |
| 0.080 to 0.14 |
| Titanium (Ti), % | 92.4 to 95.4 | |
| 88 to 90.9 |
| Vanadium (V), % | 2.0 to 3.0 | |
| 3.5 to 4.5 |
| Residuals, % | 0 to 0.4 | |
| 0 to 0.4 |