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Annealed (+A) 1.8159 Steel

EN 1.8159 +A steel is EN 1.8159 steel in the annealed condition. It has the second lowest strength compared to the other variants of EN 1.8159 steel. The graph bars on the material properties cards below compare EN 1.8159 +A steel to: EN wrought alloy steels (top), all iron alloys (middle), and the entire database (bottom). A full bar means this is the highest value in the relevant set. A half-full bar means it's 50% of the highest, and so on.

Mechanical Properties

Brinell Hardness

220

Elastic (Young's, Tensile) Modulus

190 GPa 27 x 106 psi

Elongation at Break

20 %

Fatigue Strength

310 MPa 45 x 103 psi

Poisson's Ratio

0.29

Shear Modulus

73 GPa 11 x 106 psi

Shear Strength

450 MPa 66 x 103 psi

Tensile Strength: Ultimate (UTS)

720 MPa 110 x 103 psi

Tensile Strength: Yield (Proof)

440 MPa 65 x 103 psi

Thermal Properties

Latent Heat of Fusion

250 J/g

Maximum Temperature: Mechanical

420 °C 790 °F

Melting Completion (Liquidus)

1460 °C 2650 °F

Melting Onset (Solidus)

1410 °C 2580 °F

Specific Heat Capacity

470 J/kg-K 0.11 BTU/lb-°F

Thermal Conductivity

46 W/m-K 27 BTU/h-ft-°F

Thermal Expansion

13 µm/m-K

Electrical Properties

Electrical Conductivity: Equal Volume

7.3 % IACS

Electrical Conductivity: Equal Weight (Specific)

8.4 % IACS

Otherwise Unclassified Properties

Base Metal Price

2.3 % relative

Density

7.8 g/cm3 490 lb/ft3

Embodied Carbon

1.9 kg CO2/kg material

Embodied Energy

26 MJ/kg 11 x 103 BTU/lb

Embodied Water

52 L/kg 6.2 gal/lb

Common Calculations

Resilience: Ultimate (Unit Rupture Work)

130 MJ/m3

Resilience: Unit (Modulus of Resilience)

530 kJ/m3

Stiffness to Weight: Axial

13 points

Stiffness to Weight: Bending

24 points

Strength to Weight: Axial

26 points

Strength to Weight: Bending

23 points

Thermal Diffusivity

13 mm2/s

Thermal Shock Resistance

21 points

Alloy Composition

Iron (Fe)Fe 96.4 to 97.8
Chromium (Cr)Cr 0.9 to 1.2
Manganese (Mn)Mn 0.7 to 1.1
Carbon (C)C 0.47 to 0.55
Silicon (Si)Si 0 to 0.4
Vanadium (V)V 0.1 to 0.25
Phosphorus (P)P 0 to 0.035
Sulfur (S)S 0 to 0.035

All values are % weight. Ranges represent what is permitted under applicable standards.

Followup Questions

Further Reading

EN 10250-3: Open die steel forgings for general engineering purposes - Part 3: Alloy special steels

EN 10089: Hot rolled steels for quenched and tempered springs - Technical delivery conditions

Welding Metallurgy, 2nd ed., Sindo Kou, 2003

Manufacture and Uses of Alloy Steels, Henry D. Hibbard, 2005

Ferrous Materials: Steel and Cast Iron, Hans Berns and Werner Theisen, 2008

Steels: Processing, Structure, and Performance, 2nd ed., George Krauss, 2015