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Normalized (+N) 1.1221 Steel

EN 1.1221 +N steel is EN 1.1221 steel in the normalized condition. It has the lowest ductility compared to the other variants of EN 1.1221 steel. The graph bars on the material properties cards below compare EN 1.1221 +N steel to: wrought carbon or non-alloy steels (top), all iron alloys (middle), and the entire database (bottom). A full bar means this is the highest value in the relevant set. A half-full bar means it's 50% of the highest, and so on.

Mechanical Properties

Brinell Hardness

220

Elastic (Young's, Tensile) Modulus

190 GPa 27 x 106 psi

Elongation at Break

10 %

Fatigue Strength

240 MPa 35 x 103 psi

Poisson's Ratio

0.29

Shear Modulus

72 GPa 10 x 106 psi

Shear Strength

450 MPa 66 x 103 psi

Tensile Strength: Ultimate (UTS)

760 MPa 110 x 103 psi

Tensile Strength: Yield (Proof)

390 MPa 57 x 103 psi

Thermal Properties

Latent Heat of Fusion

250 J/g

Maximum Temperature: Mechanical

400 °C 750 °F

Melting Completion (Liquidus)

1460 °C 2650 °F

Melting Onset (Solidus)

1410 °C 2580 °F

Specific Heat Capacity

470 J/kg-K 0.11 BTU/lb-°F

Thermal Conductivity

48 W/m-K 28 BTU/h-ft-°F

Thermal Expansion

12 µm/m-K

Electrical Properties

Electrical Conductivity: Equal Volume

7.2 % IACS

Electrical Conductivity: Equal Weight (Specific)

8.3 % IACS

Otherwise Unclassified Properties

Base Metal Price

2.1 % relative

Density

7.8 g/cm3 490 lb/ft3

Embodied Carbon

1.5 kg CO2/kg material

Embodied Energy

19 MJ/kg 8.2 x 103 BTU/lb

Embodied Water

47 L/kg 5.6 gal/lb

Common Calculations

Resilience: Ultimate (Unit Rupture Work)

67 MJ/m3

Resilience: Unit (Modulus of Resilience)

410 kJ/m3

Stiffness to Weight: Axial

13 points

Stiffness to Weight: Bending

24 points

Strength to Weight: Axial

27 points

Strength to Weight: Bending

24 points

Thermal Diffusivity

13 mm2/s

Thermal Shock Resistance

24 points

Alloy Composition

Iron (Fe)Fe 97.1 to 98.8
Manganese (Mn)Mn 0.6 to 0.9
Carbon (C)C 0.57 to 0.65
Silicon (Si)Si 0 to 0.4
Chromium (Cr)Cr 0 to 0.4
Nickel (Ni)Ni 0 to 0.4
Molybdenum (Mo)Mo 0 to 0.1
Phosphorus (P)P 0 to 0.035
Sulfur (S)S 0 to 0.035

All values are % weight. Ranges represent what is permitted under applicable standards.

Followup Questions

Further Reading

EN 10250-2: Open die steel forgings for general engineering purposes - Part 2: Non-alloy quality and special steels

EN 10297-1: Seamless circular steel tubes for mechanical and general engineering purposes - Technical delivery conditions - Part 1: Non-alloy and alloy steel tubes

Microstructure of Steels and Cast Irons, Madeleine Durand-Charre, 2004

Carbon Steel Handbook, D. Gandy, 2007

ASM Specialty Handbook: Carbon and Alloy Steels, J. R. Davis (editor), 1996

Ferrous Materials: Steel and Cast Iron, Hans Berns and Werner Theisen, 2008

Steels: Processing, Structure, and Performance, 2nd ed., George Krauss, 2015