AWS E312 vs. ASTM Grade HD Steel
Both AWS E312 and ASTM grade HD steel are iron alloys. They have a moderately high 93% of their average alloy composition in common. There are 21 material properties with values for both materials. Properties with values for just one material (10, in this case) are not shown.
For each property being compared, the top bar is AWS E312 and the bottom bar is ASTM grade HD steel.
Metric UnitsUS Customary Units
Mechanical Properties
| Elastic (Young's, Tensile) Modulus, GPa | 200 | |
| 200 |
| Elongation at Break, % | 25 | |
| 9.1 |
| Poisson's Ratio | 0.27 | |
| 0.27 |
| Shear Modulus, GPa | 80 | |
| 80 |
| Tensile Strength: Ultimate (UTS), MPa | 740 | |
| 590 |
Thermal Properties
| Latent Heat of Fusion, J/g | 310 | |
| 310 |
| Melting Completion (Liquidus), °C | 1410 | |
| 1410 |
| Melting Onset (Solidus), °C | 1360 | |
| 1370 |
| Specific Heat Capacity, J/kg-K | 480 | |
| 490 |
| Thermal Expansion, µm/m-K | 15 | |
| 11 |
Otherwise Unclassified Properties
| Base Metal Price, % relative | 20 | |
| 17 |
| Density, g/cm3 | 7.7 | |
| 7.7 |
| Embodied Carbon, kg CO2/kg material | 3.6 | |
| 3.1 |
| Embodied Energy, MJ/kg | 52 | |
| 45 |
| Embodied Water, L/kg | 200 | |
| 180 |
Common Calculations
| PREN (Pitting Resistance) | 31 | |
| 29 |
| Stiffness to Weight: Axial, points | 15 | |
| 15 |
| Stiffness to Weight: Bending, points | 25 | |
| 26 |
| Strength to Weight: Axial, points | 27 | |
| 21 |
| Strength to Weight: Bending, points | 24 | |
| 20 |
| Thermal Shock Resistance, points | 18 | |
| 19 |
Alloy Composition
| Carbon (C), % | 0 to 0.15 | |
| 0 to 0.5 |
| Chromium (Cr), % | 28 to 32 | |
| 26 to 30 |
| Copper (Cu), % | 0 to 0.75 | |
| 0 |
| Iron (Fe), % | 52.3 to 63.5 | |
| 58.4 to 70 |
| Manganese (Mn), % | 0.5 to 2.5 | |
| 0 to 1.5 |
| Molybdenum (Mo), % | 0 to 0.75 | |
| 0 to 0.5 |
| Nickel (Ni), % | 8.0 to 10.5 | |
| 4.0 to 7.0 |
| Phosphorus (P), % | 0 to 0.040 | |
| 0 to 0.040 |
| Silicon (Si), % | 0 to 1.0 | |
| 0 to 2.0 |
| Sulfur (S), % | 0 to 0.030 | |
| 0 to 0.040 |