EN 1.4938 +A Steel vs. Annealed Grade 28 Titanium
EN 1.4938 +A steel belongs to the iron alloys classification, while annealed grade 28 titanium belongs to the titanium alloys. There are 30 material properties with values for both materials. Properties with values for just one material (4, in this case) are not shown.
For each property being compared, the top bar is EN 1.4938 +A steel and the bottom bar is annealed grade 28 titanium.
Metric UnitsUS Customary Units
Mechanical Properties
| Elastic (Young's, Tensile) Modulus, GPa | 200 | |
| 110 |
| Elongation at Break, % | 17 | |
| 17 |
| Fatigue Strength, MPa | 390 | |
| 350 |
| Poisson's Ratio | 0.28 | |
| 0.32 |
| Shear Modulus, GPa | 76 | |
| 40 |
| Shear Strength, MPa | 540 | |
| 440 |
| Tensile Strength: Ultimate (UTS), MPa | 870 | |
| 710 |
| Tensile Strength: Yield (Proof), MPa | 640 | |
| 540 |
Thermal Properties
| Latent Heat of Fusion, J/g | 270 | |
| 410 |
| Maximum Temperature: Mechanical, °C | 750 | |
| 330 |
| Melting Completion (Liquidus), °C | 1460 | |
| 1640 |
| Melting Onset (Solidus), °C | 1420 | |
| 1590 |
| Specific Heat Capacity, J/kg-K | 470 | |
| 550 |
| Thermal Conductivity, W/m-K | 30 | |
| 8.3 |
| Thermal Expansion, µm/m-K | 11 | |
| 9.9 |
Electrical Properties
| Electrical Conductivity: Equal Volume, % IACS | 2.9 | |
| 1.3 |
| Electrical Conductivity: Equal Weight (Specific), % IACS | 3.3 | |
| 2.7 |
Otherwise Unclassified Properties
| Base Metal Price, % relative | 10 | |
| 36 |
| Density, g/cm3 | 7.8 | |
| 4.5 |
| Embodied Carbon, kg CO2/kg material | 3.3 | |
| 37 |
| Embodied Energy, MJ/kg | 47 | |
| 600 |
| Embodied Water, L/kg | 110 | |
| 370 |
Common Calculations
| Resilience: Ultimate (Unit Rupture Work), MJ/m3 | 140 | |
| 110 |
| Resilience: Unit (Modulus of Resilience), kJ/m3 | 1050 | |
| 1370 |
| Stiffness to Weight: Axial, points | 14 | |
| 13 |
| Stiffness to Weight: Bending, points | 25 | |
| 35 |
| Strength to Weight: Axial, points | 31 | |
| 44 |
| Strength to Weight: Bending, points | 26 | |
| 39 |
| Thermal Diffusivity, mm2/s | 8.1 | |
| 3.4 |
| Thermal Shock Resistance, points | 30 | |
| 48 |
Alloy Composition
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| Aluminum (Al), % | 0 | |
| 2.5 to 3.5 |
| Carbon (C), % | 0.080 to 0.15 | |
| 0 to 0.080 |
| Chromium (Cr), % | 11 to 12.5 | |
| 0 |
| Hydrogen (H), % | 0 | |
| 0 to 0.015 |
| Iron (Fe), % | 80.5 to 84.8 | |
| 0 to 0.25 |
| Manganese (Mn), % | 0.4 to 0.9 | |
| 0 |
| Molybdenum (Mo), % | 1.5 to 2.0 | |
| 0 |
| Nickel (Ni), % | 2.0 to 3.0 | |
| 0 |
| Nitrogen (N), % | 0.020 to 0.040 | |
| 0 to 0.030 |
| Oxygen (O), % | 0 | |
| 0 to 0.15 |
| Phosphorus (P), % | 0 to 0.025 | |
| 0 |
| Ruthenium (Ru), % | 0 | |
| 0.080 to 0.14 |
| Silicon (Si), % | 0 to 0.5 | |
| 0 |
| Sulfur (S), % | 0 to 0.015 | |
| 0 |
| Titanium (Ti), % | 0 | |
| 92.4 to 95.4 |
| Vanadium (V), % | 0.25 to 0.4 | |
| 2.0 to 3.0 |
| Residuals, % | 0 | |
| 0 to 0.4 |