Grade 23 Titanium vs. Grade 31 Titanium
Both grade 23 titanium and grade 31 titanium are titanium alloys. They have a moderately high 90% of their average alloy composition in common. There are 30 material properties with values for both materials. Properties with values for just one material (2, in this case) are not shown.
For each property being compared, the top bar is grade 23 titanium and the bottom bar is grade 31 titanium.
Metric UnitsUS Customary Units
Mechanical Properties
| Elastic (Young's, Tensile) Modulus, GPa | 110 | |
| 110 |
| Elongation at Break, % | 6.7 to 11 | |
| 20 |
| Fatigue Strength, MPa | 470 to 500 | |
| 300 |
| Poisson's Ratio | 0.32 | |
| 0.32 |
| Reduction in Area, % | 30 | |
| 34 |
| Shear Modulus, GPa | 40 | |
| 41 |
| Shear Strength, MPa | 540 to 570 | |
| 320 |
| Tensile Strength: Ultimate (UTS), MPa | 930 to 940 | |
| 510 |
| Tensile Strength: Yield (Proof), MPa | 850 to 870 | |
| 450 |
Thermal Properties
| Latent Heat of Fusion, J/g | 410 | |
| 420 |
| Maximum Temperature: Mechanical, °C | 340 | |
| 320 |
| Melting Completion (Liquidus), °C | 1610 | |
| 1660 |
| Melting Onset (Solidus), °C | 1560 | |
| 1610 |
| Specific Heat Capacity, J/kg-K | 560 | |
| 540 |
| Thermal Conductivity, W/m-K | 7.1 | |
| 21 |
| Thermal Expansion, µm/m-K | 9.4 | |
| 8.7 |
Electrical Properties
| Electrical Conductivity: Equal Volume, % IACS | 1.0 | |
| 3.4 |
| Electrical Conductivity: Equal Weight (Specific), % IACS | 2.0 | |
| 6.9 |
Otherwise Unclassified Properties
| Density, g/cm3 | 4.4 | |
| 4.5 |
| Embodied Carbon, kg CO2/kg material | 38 | |
| 36 |
| Embodied Energy, MJ/kg | 610 | |
| 600 |
| Embodied Water, L/kg | 200 | |
| 230 |
Common Calculations
| Resilience: Ultimate (Unit Rupture Work), MJ/m3 | 61 to 100 | |
| 99 |
| Resilience: Unit (Modulus of Resilience), kJ/m3 | 3430 to 3560 | |
| 940 |
| Stiffness to Weight: Axial, points | 13 | |
| 13 |
| Stiffness to Weight: Bending, points | 35 | |
| 35 |
| Strength to Weight: Axial, points | 58 to 59 | |
| 32 |
| Strength to Weight: Bending, points | 48 | |
| 32 |
| Thermal Diffusivity, mm2/s | 2.9 | |
| 8.5 |
| Thermal Shock Resistance, points | 67 to 68 | |
| 39 |
Alloy Composition
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| Aluminum (Al), % | 5.5 to 6.5 | |
| 0 |
| Carbon (C), % | 0 to 0.080 | |
| 0 to 0.080 |
| Cobalt (Co), % | 0 | |
| 0.2 to 0.8 |
| Hydrogen (H), % | 0 to 0.013 | |
| 0 to 0.015 |
| Iron (Fe), % | 0 to 0.25 | |
| 0 to 0.3 |
| Nitrogen (N), % | 0 to 0.030 | |
| 0 to 0.050 |
| Oxygen (O), % | 0 to 0.13 | |
| 0 to 0.35 |
| Palladium (Pd), % | 0 | |
| 0.040 to 0.080 |
| Titanium (Ti), % | 88.1 to 91 | |
| 97.9 to 99.76 |
| Vanadium (V), % | 3.5 to 4.5 | |
| 0 |
| Residuals, % | 0 to 0.4 | |
| 0 to 0.4 |