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ASTM A414 Grade D Steel

ASTM A414 grade D is a type of ASTM A414 steel. Cited properties are appropriate for the hot worked condition. The graph bars on the material properties cards below compare ASTM A414 grade D to: wrought alloy steels in the same category (top), all iron alloys (middle), and the entire database (bottom). A full bar means this is the highest value in the relevant set. A half-full bar means it's 50% of the highest, and so on.

Mechanical Properties

Brinell Hardness

140

Elastic (Young's, Tensile) Modulus

190 GPa 27 x 106 psi

Elongation at Break

19 %

Fatigue Strength

180 MPa 27 x 103 psi

Poisson's Ratio

0.29

Shear Modulus

73 GPa 11 x 106 psi

Shear Strength

290 MPa 42 x 103 psi

Tensile Strength: Ultimate (UTS)

470 MPa 67 x 103 psi

Tensile Strength: Yield (Proof)

270 MPa 39 x 103 psi

Thermal Properties

Latent Heat of Fusion

250 J/g

Maximum Temperature: Mechanical

400 °C 760 °F

Melting Completion (Liquidus)

1460 °C 2670 °F

Melting Onset (Solidus)

1420 °C 2590 °F

Specific Heat Capacity

470 J/kg-K 0.11 BTU/lb-°F

Thermal Conductivity

49 W/m-K 28 BTU/h-ft-°F

Thermal Expansion

13 µm/m-K

Electrical Properties

Electrical Conductivity: Equal Volume

7.3 % IACS

Electrical Conductivity: Equal Weight (Specific)

8.3 % IACS

Otherwise Unclassified Properties

Base Metal Price

2.2 % relative

Density

7.9 g/cm3 490 lb/ft3

Embodied Carbon

1.5 kg CO2/kg material

Embodied Energy

20 MJ/kg 8.5 x 103 BTU/lb

Embodied Water

48 L/kg 5.7 gal/lb

Common Calculations

Resilience: Ultimate (Unit Rupture Work)

76 MJ/m3

Resilience: Unit (Modulus of Resilience)

190 kJ/m3

Stiffness to Weight: Axial

13 points

Stiffness to Weight: Bending

24 points

Strength to Weight: Axial

16 points

Strength to Weight: Bending

17 points

Thermal Diffusivity

13 mm2/s

Thermal Shock Resistance

14 points

Alloy Composition

Iron (Fe)Fe 96.8 to 99.98
Manganese (Mn)Mn 0 to 1.2
Nickel (Ni)Ni 0 to 0.4
Copper (Cu)Cu 0 to 0.4
Silicon (Si)Si 0 to 0.3
Chromium (Cr)Cr 0 to 0.3
Carbon (C)C 0 to 0.25
Molybdenum (Mo)Mo 0 to 0.12
Aluminum (Al)Al 0.020 to 0.080
Phosphorus (P)P 0 to 0.035
Sulfur (S)S 0 to 0.035
Vanadium (V)V 0 to 0.030
Titanium (Ti)Ti 0 to 0.025
Niobium (Nb)Nb 0 to 0.020

All values are % weight. Ranges represent what is permitted under applicable standards.

Followup Questions

Similar Alloys

Further Reading

ASTM A414: Standard Specification for Steel, Sheet, Carbon, and High-Strength, Low-Alloy for Pressure Vessels

Pressure Vessels: External Pressure Technology, 2nd ed., Carl T. F. Ross, 2011

Manufacture and Uses of Alloy Steels, Henry D. Hibbard, 2005

Ferrous Materials: Steel and Cast Iron, Hans Berns and Werner Theisen, 2008

Steels: Processing, Structure, and Performance, 2nd ed., George Krauss, 2015